Table 2.
Experimental studies on the infective dose of coronaviruses in various mammals
| Virus | Host | Dose (PFU) | Route of inoculation | Numbers and/or %, signs of infection | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SARS-CoV-2 | aFerret | 221 359 | IN | 6/6 | Kim [16] |
| 500 | IN | 16.7,1/6 | Ryan [17] | ||
| 50 000 | IN | 6/6 | |||
| 5 000 000 | IN | 6/6 | |||
| 420 000 | IN | 4/4 | Richard [18] | ||
| SARS-CoV-2 | bhACE2 mice | 70 000 | IN | 36.8,7/19 | Bao [19] |
| HCoV-OC43 | 400 000 | IN | 3/3 | Sun [20] | |
| 4 000 000 | IG | 1/3 | |||
| 630 | Aerosol | 2/2 | Bao [21] | ||
| 21 000 | IN | 50% Lethal | Jiang [22] | ||
| 100 000 | IN | 40% Lethal | Dinnon [23] | ||
| BALB/c mice | 16 000 | IN | 3/3 | Gu [24] | |
| BALB/c and C57B6 mice | 70 000 | IP/IC | 100% Lethal | Jacomy [25] | |
| BALB/c mice | 70 | IC | 100% Lethal | Shen [26] | |
| SARS-CoV-1 | tgMice | 280 | IN | NR | Watanabe [8] |
| MERS-CoV | tgMice | 0.7 | IN | NR | Tao [27] |
| 7 | IN | 50% Lethal | |||
| SARS-CoV-2 | cCynomolgus macaques | 48 600 | Aerosol | 4/4 | Johnston [28] |
| 700 000 | IN/IT | 4/4 | Rockx [29] |
TCID50, %50 tissue infective culture dose; PFU, plaque-forming units; tgMice, transgenic mice; hACE2, human angiotensin converting enzyme 2, BALB/c; begg albino laboratory-bred mouse, IN; intranasal, IG; intragastric, IO; intraocular, IT; intrathecal, IC; intracerebral, IP; intraperitoneal, NR; not reported.