Table 2.
Showing frequency distributions (n (%)) and median/means/interquartile range (IQR) for each symptom scale, for the total cohort and stratified χ2 (P) statistics for front-line versus non-front-line workers and workers inside London versus outside London
| Total | % of total | Front-line workers, n | % | Non-front-line workers, n | % | P | Inside London, n | % | Outside London, n | % | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PHQ median (IQR) | 6 (7) | – | 7 (9) | – | 5 (7) | – | – | 5 (7) | – | 6 (8) | – | – |
| PHQ mean (s.d.) | 7.18 (6.07) | – | 8.00 (6.21) | – | 6.97 (5.75) | – | – | 6.53 (5.58) | – | 7.41 (6.22) | – | – |
| PHQ, n (%) | ||||||||||||
| Normal (0–5) | 1172 | 42.26 | 475 | 38.81 | 582 | 47.51 | <0.0001 | 330 | 46.15 | 837 | 40.87 | 0.0064 |
| Mild (5–9) | 823 | 29.68 | 369 | 30.15 | 343 | 28 | 217 | 30.35 | 605 | 29.54 | ||
| Moderate (10–14) | 404 | 14.57 | 198 | 16.18 | 155 | 12.65 | 93 | 13.01 | 309 | 15.09 | ||
| Moderately severe (15–19) | 231 | 8.33 | 104 | 8.5 | 98 | 8 | 53 | 7.41 | 176 | 8.59 | ||
| Severe (20–27) | 143 | 5.16 | 78 | 6.37 | 47 | 3.84 | 22 | 3.08 | 121 | 5.91 | ||
| GAD median (IQR) | 6 (8) | – | 8 (9) | – | 6 (8) | – | 6 (7) | – | 7 (9) | – | ||
| GAD mean (s.d.) | 7.51 (5.58) | – | 8.71 (5.83) | – | 7.34 (5.14) | – | 6.86 (5.19) | – | 7.72 (5.70) | – | ||
| GAD, n (%) | ||||||||||||
| Normal (0–4) | 1014 | 36.57 | 376 | 30.72 | 524 | 42.78 | <0.0001 | 288 | 40.28 | 723 | 35.3 | 0.0004 |
| Mild (5–9) | 840 | 30.29 | 375 | 30.64 | 369 | 30.12 | 235 | 32.87 | 602 | 29.39 | ||
| Moderate (10–14) | 532 | 19.18 | 254 | 20.75 | 211 | 17.22 | 118 | 16.5 | 411 | 20.07 | ||
| Severe (≥ 15) | 387 | 13.96 | 219 | 17.89 | 121 | 9.88 | 74 | 10.35 | 312 | 15.23 | ||
| IES-R median (IQR)a | 16 (23) | – | 18 (25) | – | 13 (17) | – | 15 (22) | – | 16 (23) | – | ||
| IES-R mean (s.d.) | 20.30 (16.68) | – | 22.05 (17.1) | – | 16.4 (14.6) | – | 19.89 (16.57) | – | 20.43 (16.73) | – | ||
| IES-R, n (%) | ||||||||||||
| Q1 <7.00 | 387 | 13.96 | 202 | 20.40 | 140 | 28.40 | <0.0001 | 104 | 14.55 | 282 | 13.77 | 0.9762 |
| Q2 7.00 ≤ IES-R < 20.30 | 620 | 22.36 | 340 | 34.34 | 203 | 41.18 | 162 | 22.66 | 456 | 22.27 | ||
| Q3 20.30 ≤ IES-R < 30.00 | 248 | 8.94 | 154 | 15.56 | 65 | 13.18 | 63 | 8.81 | 185 | 9.03 | ||
| Q4 ≥ 30.00 | 426 | 15.36 | 294 | 29.70 | 85 | 17.24 | 106 | 14.83 | 318 | 15.53 | ||
| CD-RISC median (IQR) | 28 (9) | – | 28 (9) | – | 27 (9) | – | 27 (9) | – | 28 (9) | – | ||
| CD-RISC mean (s.d.) | 27.5 (6.48) | – | 27.9 (6.43) | – | 27.5 (6.34) | – | 27.36 (6.53) | – | 27.49 (6.47) | – | ||
| CD-RISC, n (%) | ||||||||||||
| Q1 <23.00 | 567 | 20.45 | 244 | 19.93 | 262 | 21.39 | 0.0173 | 149 | 20.84 | 416 | 20.31 | 0.2268 |
| Q2 23.00 ≤ CD-RISC <27.46 | 720 | 25.96 | 289 | 23.61 | 349 | 28.49 | 205 | 28.67 | 514 | 25.1 | ||
| Q3 27.46 ≤ CD-RISC < 32.00 | 633 | 22.83 | 289 | 23.61 | 264 | 21.55 | 152 | 21.26 | 478 | 23.34 | ||
| Q4 ≥ 32.00 | 688 | 24.81 | 318 | 25.98 | 287 | 23.43 | 175 | 24.48 | 513 | 25.05 | ||
| PSS median (IQR) | 19 (11) | – | 20 (10) | – | 19 (10) | – | 18 (11) | – | 19 (10) | – | ||
| PSS mean (s.d.) | 18.6 (7.47) | – | 19.6 (7.45) | – | 18.6 (6.93) | – | 18.06 (7.47) | – | 18.73 (7.48) | – | ||
| PSS, n (%) | ||||||||||||
| Q1 <11 | 608 | 21.93 | 233 | 19.04 | 319 | 26.04 | <0.0001 | 173 | 24.2 | 433 | 21.14 | 0.123 |
| 11≤ Q2 <13 | 727 | 26.22 | 303 | 24.75 | 328 | 26.78 | 198 | 27.69 | 525 | 25.63 | ||
| 13≤ Q3 <24 | 688 | 24.81 | 318 | 25.98 | 298 | 24.33 | 165 | 23.08 | 520 | 25.39 | ||
| Q4 ≥24 | 750 | 27.50 | 370 | 30.23 | 280 | 22.85 | 179 | 25.03 | 570 | 27.83 |
PHQ, Patient Health Questionnaire; GAD, General Anxiety Disorder-7; IES-R, Impact of Event Scale – Revised; Q, Quartile; CD-RISC, Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale; PSS, Perceived Stress Scale.
a.
60.5% of the participants completed IES-R – those who identified experiencing a stressful or traumatic event related to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).