Table 3.
Summary table showing odds ratios (OR) and P values for risk and protective factors retained in each model. Please see Supplementary Table 6 for a version of this table that includes shading to reflect stronger and weaker risk and protective factors. Blank cells show the factor was not significantly retained in the model of the outcome score. ‘t’ refers to trend-level effects shown for illustration purposes only.
| GAD, OR | 95% CI | P | IES-R, OR | 95% CI | P | PHQ, OR | 95% CI | P | PSS, OR | 95% CI | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics and role | ||||||||||||
| Gender female (versus male) | 1.611 | 1.152–2.242 | 0.0052 | 1.531 | 1.079–2.174 | 0.0171 | 2.488 | 1.692–3.650 | <0.0001 | |||
| Age, years (versus <25) | ||||||||||||
| 25–34 | 0.774 | 0.448–1.338 | 0.3594 | |||||||||
| 35–44 | 0.950 | 0.547–1.651 | 0.8562 | |||||||||
| 45–54 | 0.602 | 0.346–1.049 | 0.0732 | |||||||||
| 55–64 | 0.406 | 0.221–0.744 | 0.0036 | |||||||||
| 65+ | 0.362 | 0.074–1.773 | 0.2101 | |||||||||
| Black, Asian, minority ethnic | 1.520 | 1.037–2.228 | 0.0319 | |||||||||
| Relationship (versus in a relationship) | ||||||||||||
| Single | 1.613 | 1.176–2.214 | 0.0031 | |||||||||
| Separated | 1.301 | 0.766–2.210 | 0.3294 | |||||||||
| Other | 1.402 | 0.500–3.931 | 0.5208 | |||||||||
| Role (versus doctors) | ||||||||||||
| Nurses | 1.633 | 1.126–2.370 | 0.0097 | 2.213 | 1.419–3.451 | 0.0005 | 1.560 | 1.043–2.333 | 0.0303 | 1.781 | 1.199–2.646 | 0.0043 |
| Allied health professionals | 1.893 | 1.292–2.773 | 0.0011 | 1.966 | 1.199–3.223 | 0.0073 | 1.831 | 1.222–2.743 | 0.0034 | 1.414 | 0.939–2.131 | 0.0974 |
| Management | 2.805 | 1.649–4.771 | 0.0001 | 5.236 | 2.691–10.188 | <0.0001 | 2.418 | 1.402–4.171 | 0.0015 | 3.255 | 1.868–5.672 | <0.0001 |
| Ambulance/Healthcare Assistant | 2.257 | 1.497–3.403 | 0.0001 | 2.726 | 1.644–4.52 | 0.0001 | 2.021 | 1.309–3.121 | 0.0015 | 2.137 | 1.384–3.298 | 0.0006 |
| Location (versus London) outside London | 1.556 | 1.203–2.012 | 0.0007 | 1.318 | 1.008–1.722 | 0.0434 | ||||||
| Front line | 1.536 | 1.193–1.977 | 0.0009 | 2.193 | 1.557–3.09 | <0.0001 | 1.435 | 1.117–1.844 | 0.0047 | |||
| Mental health diagnosis | 1.615 | 1.221–2.136 | 0.0008 | 1.975 | 1.417–2.754 | <0.0001 | 2.137 | 1.617–2.824 | <0.0001 | 1.746 | 1.311–2.324 | 0.0001 |
| Traumatic and stressful events | ||||||||||||
| Family or friends died | 1.715 | 1.184–2.486 | 0.0044 | 2.492 | 1.661–3.737 | <0.0001 | 1.779 | 1.219–2.596 | 0.0028 | |||
| Patients asking if they are going to die | 1.447 | 1.086–1.926 | 0.0115 | 2.096 | 1.492–2.944 | <0.0001 | 1.356 | 1.012–1.817 | 0.0411 | |||
| Colleague(s) with COVID | 3.171 | 1.764–5.698 | 0.0001 | 0.077 | ||||||||
| Colleague(s) dying from COVID | 1.511 | 1.079–2.117 | 0.0163 | |||||||||
| Performing resuscitation | 1.709 | 1.075–2.717 | 0.0236 | 2.243 | 1.395–3.608 | 0.0009 | ||||||
| Delivering more bad news | 1.534 | 1.056–2.227 | 0.0248 | |||||||||
| After care of deceased | 1.729 | 1.196–2.498 | 0.0036 | |||||||||
| Workplace | ||||||||||||
| Extra workload due to staff absences | 1.394 | 1.116–1.74 | 0.0034 | 1.447 | 1.093–1.916 | 0.0098 | 1.297 | 1.032–1.631 | 0.0257 | t | 0.074 | |
| Not enough information on COVID clinical practice | 1.465 | 1.117–1.92 | 0.0058 | 1.413 | 1.023–1.951 | 0.036 | 1.402 | 1.062–1.849 | 0.017 | 1.341 | 1.011–1.778 | 0.0418 |
| Insufficient COVID training | 1.259 | 1.008–1.571 | 0.0424 | |||||||||
| Team members off sick (>20%) | 1.882 | 1.255–2.823 | 0.0022 | |||||||||
| Management of risk | ||||||||||||
| Not enough being done currently to reduce risk | 1.644 | 1.306–2.069 | <0.0001 | 1.611 | 1.202–2.158 | 0.0014 | ||||||
| Pressure to reuse PPE | t | 0.061 | 1.382 | 1.037–1.842 | 0.0271 | t | 0.054 | |||||
| Less risk if had been properly prepared | t | 0.063 | 1.381 | 1.014–1.88 | 0.0406 | 1.484 | 1.139–1.933 | 0.0034 | 1.562 | 1.198–2.038 | 0.001 | |
| Pressured to work without PPE | 1.495 | 1.087–2.054 | 0.0133 | 1.459 | 1.058–2.013 | 0.0213 | ||||||
| Protective factors | ||||||||||||
| CD-RISC resilience (versus 1st Quartile) | ||||||||||||
| 2nd Quartile | 0.555 | 0.417–0.739 | <0.0001 | 0.604 | 0.451–0.808 | 0.0007 | 0.592 | 0.443–0.793 | 0.0004 | |||
| 3rd Quartile | 0.260 | 0.189–0.359 | <0.0001 | 0.342 | 0.246–0.475 | <0.0001 | 0.293 | 0.209–0.410 | <0.0001 | |||
| 4th Quartile | 0.274 | 0.200–0.376 | <0.0001 | 0.319 | 0.229–0.443 | <0.0001 | 0.308 | 0.221–0.430 | <0.0001 | |||
| Able to share stress at work | 0.660 | 0.496–0.869 | 0.0032 | 0.692 | 0.520–0.922 | 0.0117 | 0.618 | 0.463–0.824 | 0.001 |
GAD, General Anxiety Disorder-7; IES-R, Impact of Event Scale – Revised; PHQ, Patient Health Questionnaire; PSS, Perceived Stress Scale; PPE, personal protective equipment; CD-RISC, Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale.