Table 4.
Showing frequency distributions (n (%) (the percentage of the symptoms groups (columns) constituted by the ‘factor’ group) for 2773 the participants for high and low levels of mental health symptoms for all significant variables in the logistic regressions for the four scales (reported in Table 3)
| GAD low, n (%) | GAD high, n (%) | IES-R low, n (%) | IES-R high, n (%) | PHQ low, n (%) | PHQ high, n (%) | PSS low, n (%) | PSS high, n (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics and role | ||||||||
| Gender: Female | 1547 (83.4) | 818 (89.0) | 1895 (84.9) | 470 (88.8) | 1678 (84.4) | 687 (88.9) | 1907 (84.4) | 458 (91.6) |
| Total N (%), missing N | 1854 (100), 5 | 919 (100), 8 | 2231 (100), 9 | 529 (100), 4 | 1995 (100), 8 | 778 (100), 5 | 2272 (100), 12 | 501 (100), 1 |
| Age, years | ||||||||
| Under 25 | 55 (3.0) | 47 (5.1) | 74 (3.3) | 38 (7.1) | 66 (3.3) | 36 (4.6) | 72 (3.2) | 30 (6) |
| 25–34 | 381 (20.6) | 249 (27.2) | 489 (21.9) | 141 (26.5) | 429 (21.5) | 201 (25.9) | 474 (20.9) | 156 (31.1) |
| 35–44 | 434 (23.4) | 246 (26.8) | 549 (24.5) | 131 (34.6) | 493 (24.7) | 187 (24.1) | 538 (23.7) | 142 (28.3) |
| 45–54 | 573 (30.9) | 240 (26.2) | 665 (29.7) | 148 (27.8) | 593 (29.8) | 220 (28.4) | 704 (31) | 109 (21.8) |
| 55–64 | 380 (20.5) | 128 (14.0) | 428 (19.1) | 80 (15.0) | 382 (19.2) | 126 (16.2) | 446 (19.6) | 62 (12.4) |
| 65+ | 29 (1.6) | 7 (0.8) | 32 (1.4) | 4 (0.8) | 30 (1.5) | 6 (0.8) | 34 (1.5) | 2 (0.4) |
| Age N (%), missing N | 1852 (100), 2 | 917 (100), 2 | 2237 (100), 3 | 532 (100), 1 | 1993 (100), 2 | 776 (100), 2 | 2268 (100), 4 | 501 (100), 0 |
| Black, Asian, minority ethnic | 224 (12.1) | 118 (13.0) | 255 (11.5) | 87 (16.4) | 272 (12.0) | 106 (13.7) | 272 (12.0) | 70 (14.1) |
| Ethnicity N (%), missing N | 1845 (100), 9 | 911 (100), 8 | 2227 (100), 13 | 529 (100), 4 | 1984 (100), 11 | 772 (100), 6 | 2258 (100), 14 | 498 (100), 3 |
| Relationship | ||||||||
| Single | 227 (12.4) | 144 (15.9) | 284 (12.8) | 87 (16.5) | 235 (11.9) | 136 (17.7) | 300 (13.3) | 71 (14.4) |
| In a relationship | 1497 (81.6) | 712 (78.4) | 1800 (81.3) | 409 (77.6) | 1625 (82.3) | 584 (76) | 1813 (80.6) | 396 (80.5) |
| Separated/divorced | 92 (5.0) | 42 (4.6) | 108 (4.9) | 26 (4.9) | 96 (4.9) | 38 (4.9) | 114 (5.1) | 20 (4.1) |
| Other | 18 (1.0) | 10 (1.1) | 23 (1) | 5 (0.9) | 18 (0.9) | 10 (1.3) | 23 (1.0) | 5 (1.0) |
| Relationship N (&), missing N | 1834 (100), 20 | 908 (100), 11 | 2215 (100), 25 | 527 (100), 6 | 1974 (100), 21 | 768 (100), 10 | 2250 (100), 22 | 492 (100), 9 |
| Role | ||||||||
| Nurses | 560 (30.4) | 292 (32.0) | 650 (29.2) | 202 (38.3) | 611 (30.9) | 241 (31.1) | 705 (31.3) | 147 (29.5) |
| Doctors | 300 (16.3) | 86 (9.4) | 322 (14.5) | 64 (12.1) | 318 (16.1) | 68 (8.8) | 328 (14.5) | 58 (11.6) |
| Allied healthcare | 528 (28.7) | 244 (26.7) | 671 (30.1) | 101 (19.1) | 564 (28.5) | 208 (26.9) | 641 (28.4) | 131 (26.3) |
| Management | 162 (8.8) | 83 (9.1) | 199 (8.9) | 46 (8.7) | 175 (8.8) | 70 (9.0) | 198 (8.8) | 47 (9.4) |
| Ambulance/Healthcare Assistant | 291 (15.8) | 208 (22.8) | 384 (17.3) | 115 (21.8) | 312 (15.8) | 187 (24.2) | 383 (17) | 116 (23.2) |
| Role N (%), missing N | 1841 (100), 13 | 913 (100), 6 | 2226 (100), 14 | 528 (100), 5 | 1980 (100), 15 | 774 (100), 4 | 2255 (100), 17 | 499 (100), 2 |
| Location outside London N (%), total N (%), missing N | 1325 (71.7), 1848 (100), 6 | 723 (79.0), 915 (100), 4 | 1650 (73.9), 2232 (100), 8 | 398 (74.7), 531 (100), 2 | 1442 (72.5), 1989 (100), 6 | 606 (78.3), 774 (100), 4 | 1667 (73.7), 2263 (100), 9 | 381 (76.2), 500 (100), 1 |
| Front-line worker | 751 (45.6) | 473 (58.8) | 860 (43.6) | 364 (76.5) | 844 (47.7) | 380 (55.9) | 973 (48.2) | 251 (58.5) |
| Non-front-line worker | 893 (54.3) | 332 (41.2) | 1113 (56.4) | 112 (23.5) | 926 (52.2) | 300 (44.1) | 1047 (51.2) | 178 (41.5) |
| FL/NFL Total N (%), missing N | 1852 (100), 2 | 915 (100), 4 | 2235 (100), 5 | 532 (100), 1 | 1991 (100), 5 | 776 (100), 2 | 2267 (100), 5 | 500 (100), 1 |
| Mental health diagnosis, total N (%), missing N | 238 (13.1), 1846 (100), 7 | 235 (26.2), 916 (100), 3 | 377 (15.3), 2232 (100), 8 | 136 (26.3), 531 (100), 2 | 244 (12.4), 1988 (100), 7 | 229 (30.2), 775 (100) 3 | 325 (14.5), 2263 (100), 9 | 148 (30.6), 500 (100), 1 |
| Traumatic and stressful events | ||||||||
| Family or friends died N (%), total N (%), missing | 163 (8.8), 1852 (100), 2 | 137 (14.9), 915 (100), 4 | 191 (8.5), 2236 (100), 4 | 109 (20.5), 531 (100), 2 | 175 (8.8), 1993 (100), 2 | 125 (16.1), 774 (100), 4 | 225 (9.9), 2268 (100), 4 | 75 (15.0), 499 (100), 2 |
| Patients asking if they are going to die N (%), total N (%), missing | 329 (17.7), 1854 (100), 0 | 256 (27.9), 919 (100), 0 | 348 (15.5), 2240 (100), 0 | 237 (44.5), 533 (100), 0 | 375 (18.8), 1995 (100), 0 | 210 (27.0), 778 (100), 0 | 437 (19.2), 2772 (100), 0 | 148 (29.5), 501 (100), 0 |
| Colleague(s) with COVID-19 N (%), total N (5), missing | 1457 (78.6), 1854 (100), 0 | 776 (84.4), 919 (100), 0 | 1730 (77.2), 2240 (100), 0 | 503 (94.4), 533 (100), 0 | 1569 (78.6), 1995 (100), 0 | 664 (85.3), 778 (100), 0 | 1797 (79.1), 2272 (100), 0 | 436 (87.0), 501 (100), 0 |
| Colleague(s) dying from COVID-19 N (%), total N (%), missing | 238 (12.8), 1854 (100), 0 | 157 (17.1), 919 (100), 0 | 256 (11.4), 2240 (100), 0 | 139 (26.1), 533 (100), 0 | 276 (13.8), 1995 (100), 0 | 119 (15.3), 778 (100), 0 | 313 (13.8), 2272 (100), 0 | 82 (16.4) , 501 (100), 0 |
| Performing resuscitation N (%), total N (%), missing | 70 (3.8), 1854 (100), 0 | 64 (7.0), 919 (100), 0 | 65 (2.9), 2240 (100), 0 | 69 (12.9), 533 (100), 0 | 89 (4.5), 1995 (100), 0 | 45 (5.8), 778 (100), 0 | 104 (4.6), 2272 (100), 0 | 30 (6.0), 501 (100), 0 |
| Delivering more bad news than usual N (%), total N (%), missing | 249 (13.4), 1854 (100), 0 | 172 (18.7), 919 (100), 0 | 245 (10.9), 2240 (100), 0 | 176 (33.0), 533 (100), 0 | 278 (13.9), 1995 (100), 0 | 143 (18.4), 778 (100), 0 | 323 (14.2), 2272 (100), 0 | 98 (19.6), 501 (100), 0 |
| After care of deceased N (%), total N (%), missing | 147 (7.9), 1854 (100), 0 | 135 (14.7), 919 (100), 0 | 155 (6.9), 2240 (100), 0 | 127 (23.8), 533 (100), 0 | 169 (8.5), 1995 (100), 0 | 113 (4.5), 778 (100), 0 | 208 (9.2), 2272 (100), 0 | 74 (14.8), 501 (100), 0 |
| Workplace | ||||||||
| Extra workload due to staff absences N (%), total N (%), missing | 868 (48.0), 1854 (100), 0 | 520 (58.0), 919 (100), 0 | 1025 (47.0), 2179 (100), 61 | 363 (69.0), 526 (100), 7 | 944 (48.5), 1995 (100), 0 | 444 (58.5), 778 (100), 0 | 1092 (49.3), 2272 (100), 0 | 296 (60.2), 501 (100), 0 |
| Not enough information on COVID-19 clinical practice N (%), total N (%), missing | 276 (15.0), 1854 (100), 0 | 283 (31.0), 919 (100), 0 | 375 (16.8), 2232 (100), 8 | 184 (34.8), 528 (100), 5 | 323 (16.3), 1995 (100), 0 | 236 (30.5), 778 (100), 0 | 396 (17.5), 2272 (100), 0 | 163 (32.6), 501 (100), 0 |
| Insufficient COVID-19 training N (%), total N (%), missing | 775 (42.1), 1854 (100), 0 | 448 (49.1), 919 (100), 0 | 978 (44.0), 2224 (100), 16 | 245 (46.3), 529 (100), 4 | 833 (42.1), 1995 (100), 0 | 390 (50.4), 778 (100), 0 | 968 (43.0), 2272 (100), 0 | 255 (50.9), 501 (100), 0 |
| Team members off sick (>20%) N (%), total N (%), missing | 212 (11.4), 1854 (100), 0 | 179 (19.4), 919 (100), 0 | 252 (11.3), 2227 (100), 13 | 139 (26.2), 530 (100), 3 | 229 (11.5), 1995 (100), 0 | 162 (20.8), 778 (100), 0 | 270 (11.9), 2272 (100), 0 | 121 (24.2), 501 (100), 0 |
| Management of risk | ||||||||
| Not enough being done currently to reduce risk N (%), total N (%), missing | 526 (28.5), 1854 (100), 0 | 448 (49.1), 919 (100), 0 | 685 (30.8), 2227 (100), 13 | 289 (54.5), 530 (100), 3 | 612 (30.8), 1995 (100), 0 | 362 (46.9), 778 (100), 0 | 726 (32.3), 2272 (100), 0 | 248 (49.7), 501 (100), 0 |
| Pressure to reuse PPE N (%), total N (%), missing | 397 (22.6), 1854 (100), 0 | 316 (36.2), 919 (100), 0 | 488 (21.8), 2240 (100), 0 | 225 (42.4), 533 (100), 0 | 462 (24.3), 1995 (100), 0 | 251 (34.3), 778 (100), 0 | 539 (25.0), 2272 (100), 0 | 174 (36.5), 501 (100), 0 |
| Less risk if had been properly prepared N (%), total N (%), missing | 601 (41.4), 1854 (100), 0 | 309 (51.6), 919 (100), 0 | 497 (22.2), 2237 (100), 3 | 219 (41.2), 531 (100), 2 | 654 (42.4), 1995 (100), 0 | 256 (50.2), 778 (100), 0 | 765 (43.8), 2272 (100), 0 | 145 (47.2), 501 (100), 0 |
| Pressured to work without PPE N (%), total N (%), missing | 182 (10.5), 1854 (100), 0 | 180 (21.0), 919 (100), 0 | 232 (10.4), 2240 (100), 0 | 130 (24.4), 533 (100), 0 | 209 (11.1), 1995 (100), 0 | 153 (21.5), 778 (100), 0 | 251 (11.8), 2272 (100), 0 | 111 (23.7), 501 (100), 0 |
| Protective factors | ||||||||
| CD-RISC resilience | ||||||||
| 1st Quartile N (%) | 266 (15.2) | 301 (34.9) | 438 (20.7) | 129 (26.4) | 311 (16.5) | 256 (35.2) | 372 (17.4) | 195 (41) |
| 2nd Quartile N (%) | 463 (26.5) | 257 (29.8) | 572 (27.0) | 148 (30.3) | 510 (27.1) | 210 (28.9) | 580 (27.2) | 140 (29.4) |
| 3rd Quartile N (%) | 477 (27.3) | 156 (18.1) | 536 (25.3) | 97 (19.8) | 498 (26.5) | 135 (18.6) | 564 (26.5) | 69 (14.5) |
| 4th Quartile N (%) | 539 (30.9) | 149 (17.3) | 573 (27.0) | 115 (23.5) | 562 (29.9) | 126 (17.3) | 616 (28.9) | 72 (15.1) |
| CD = RISC total N (%), missing N | 1745 (100), 109 | 863 (100), 56 | 2119 (100), 121 | 489 (100), 44 | 1881 (100), 114 | 727 (100), 51 | 2132 (100), 140 | 476 (100), 25 |
| Able to share stresses at work N(%), total N (%), missing N | 1588 (85.7), 1854 (100), 0 | 673 (73.2), 919 (100), 0 | 1875 (85.4), 2195 (100), 45 | 386 (75.8), 509 (100), 24 | 1700 (85.2), 1995 (100), 0 | 561 (72.1), 778 (100), 0 | 1909 (84.0), 2272 (100), 0 | 352 (70.2), 501 (100), 0 |
FL, Frontline worker; NFL, Non-frontline worker; GAD, General Anxiety Disorder-7; IES-R, Impact of Event Scale – Revised; PHQ, Patient Health Questionnaire; PSS, Perceived Stress Scale; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; PPE, personal protective equipment; CD-RISC, Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale.