TABLE 2.
The pharmacokinetic parameters of anthraquinones in rats and dogs.
| Pharmacokinetic parameters | C max (μg/ml) | T max (h) | AUC0-∞ mg/(L·h) | References | |||
| Rats | Dogs | Rats | Dogs | Rats | Dogs | ||
| Aloe-emodin | 0.004–124.40 | 0.03–0.45 | 0.20–11.33 | 0.75–1.55 | 0.008–4.67 | 0.42–1.61 | (Yang et al., 2012; Zhang et al., 2013b; Feng et al., 2013; Feng et al., 2014; Jiang et al., 2015; Yang et al., 2019a; Cheng et al., 2020) |
| Alizarin | 0.25 | – | 0.98 | – | 1.64 | – | (Gao et al., 2018) |
| Aurantio-obtusin | 0.17–1,135.80 | – | 0.08–0.53 | – | 0.99–5.90 | – | (Zhang et al., 2014; Yang et al., 2015; Guo et al., 2017; Yang et al., 2019a) |
| Chrysophanol | 0.001–3,142.80 | 0.04–0.30 | 0.25–9.28 | 1.00–2.00 | 0.01–37.05 | 0.54–0.83 | (Yang et al., 2012; Feng et al., 2014; Zhu et al., 2017; Ullah et al., 2018; Yang et al., 2019a; Cheng et al., 2020) |
| Chrysophanol-8-O-β-D-glycoside | 0.03 | – | 2.00 | – | 0.158 | – | (Ullah et al., 2018) |
| Chryso-obtusin | 0.05–894.1 | – | 0.08–3.64 | – | 0.27–3.58 | – | (Zhang et al., 2014; Yang et al., 2019a) |
| Citreorosein | 0.149 | – | 0.19 | – | 0.134 | – | (Cheng et al., 2020) |
| Emodin | 0.001–348.4 | 0.27–0.48 | 0.10–8.94 | 0.75–1.42 | 0.004–39.6 | 1.38–4.05 | (Song et al., 2009b; Yang et al., 2012; Feng et al., 2014; Zhu et al., 2014; Jiang et al., 2015; Zhu et al., 2017; Yang et al., 2019a; |
| Emodin-8-O-β-D-glycoside | 0.02–0.10 | – | 0.28–0.29 | – | 0.014–0.084 | – | (Zhang et al., 2018b; Cheng et al., 2020) |
| Munjistin | 0.03–0.74 | – | 1.61–1.93 | – | 0.14–3.99 | (Gao et al., 2016; Gao et al., 2018) | |
| Obtusifolin | 0.10–1,535.5 | – | 0.13–3.94 | – | 0.24–18.17 | – | (Yang et al., 2015; Guo et al., 2017; Yang et al., 2019a) |
| Obtusin | 0.12–802.0 | – | 0.33–1.13 | – | 0.36–7.07 | – | (Zhang et al., 2014; Yang et al., 2019a) |
| Physcion | 0.03–0.49 | 0.03 | 0.17–10.4 | 2.00 | 0.07–3.29 | 0.48 | (Feng et al., 2013; Feng et al., 2014; Huang et al., 2014; Yang et al., 2015; Feng et al., 2017; Zhu et al., 2017) |
| Physcion-8-O-β-D-glycoside | 0.019–0.021 | – | 0.26–0.75 | – | 0.084 | – | (Ullah et al., 2018; Cheng et al., 2020) |
| Purpurin | 0.07–0.21 | – | 1.61–1.64 | – | 0.24–1.55 | – | (Gao et al., 2016; Gao et al., 2018) |
| Questinol | 0.001 | – | 4.38 | – | 0.017 | – | (Cheng et al., 2020) |
| Questin | 0.028–0.056 | – | 0.17–0.23 | – | 0.22–0.26 | – | (Guo et al., 2017) |
| Rhein | 0.001–134.0 | 1.44–3.39 | 0.08–12.00 | 0.71–1.50 | 0.002–63.14 | 4.24–35.15 | (Yang et al., 2012; Feng et al., 2014; Jiang et al., 2015; Li et al., 2017b; Yang et al., 2019a; Cheng et al., 2020) |
| Xanthopurpurin | 0.06 | – | 1.3 | – | 0.34 | (Han et al., 2020) | |
| 1-desmethylobtusin | 0.11 | – | 0.5 | – | 0.54 | – | (Zhang et al., 2014) |
C max: peak concentration; T max: peak time; AUC: area under the curve.