Table 1.
Summary of reported cases of the fracture of an ossification of the Achilles tendon
|
Ref.
|
Patient
|
Size
|
Cause of ossification
|
Onset of fracture
|
Treatment
|
Histology
|
Follow-up period
|
Result
|
|||
|
Age
|
Sex
|
Previous trauma
|
Previous surgery
|
Other factors
|
|||||||
| Lotke[1] (1970) | 61 | F | NA | - | + | - | Standing at the sink | Surgery (excision and repairing the tendon) | Mature bone with fibrosis of the marrow space | 15 mo | Good |
| 66 | F | NA | - | + | - | Unspecified | Surgery (excision and repairing the tendon) | Mature bone with fibrosis of the marrow space | 12 mo | Good | |
| Weseley et al[11] (1976) | 58 | M | NA | - | + | - | None (spontaneous occurrence) | Nonoperative (immobilization for 6 wk)→Surgery (excision and transferring peroneus brevis) | Mature bone | 3.5 mo | Nonoperative: poor; surgery: good |
| Brotherton and Ball[14] (1979) | 71 | M | 12.5 cm | + | - | - | Walking uneven ground | Surgery (reduction and holding with a figure of eight wire) | Partly woven and partly lamellar bone, forming a cancellous structure | 4 mo | NA |
| Fink and Corn[8] (1982) | 42 | F | 8 cm | - | - | Hypertension, hypothyroidism, obesity | Stumbling on level ground | Surgery (excision and reconstruction with gastrocnemius fascia flap) | NA | 4 mo | Good |
| Kernohan and Hall[17] (1984) | 64 | M | 20 cm | - | - | Manual worker | NA | Surgery (Achilles tendon graft interposition) | NA | 5 mo | Good |
| Suso et al[16] (1988) | 20 | M | 10 cm | - | - | Long-distance runner | Long-distance run | Surgery (excision and direct repair) | Bony trabeculae, separated by fibrous tissue areas | 3 mo | Good |
| Resnik and Foster[10] (1990) | 36 | M | NA | - | + | - | Stepping in a hole | Nonoperative (immobilization for 6 wk)→Surgery (excision and reconstruction with tensor fascia lata graft) | NA | NA | Nonoperative: poor; surgery: good |
| Friedman[13] (1991) | 41 | F | NA | + | - | - | Twisting the ankle | Surgery (excision, unspecified) | NA | NA | Good |
| Goyal and Vadhva[3] (1997) | 84 | M | 6 cm | - | + | - | Crossing a road | Nonoperative (immobilization for 12 wk) | NA | 12 mo | Good |
| Aksoy and Surat[6] (1998) | 44 | M | 7 cm | + | - | - | Climbing upstairs | Surgery (excision and reconstruction with proximal Achilles tendon flap) | NA | 24 mo | Good |
| Parton et al[5] (1998) | 84 | M | NA | - | + | - | Hurrying across a crossing | Nonoperative (immobilization for 8 wk) | NA | 3 mo | Good |
| Haddad et al[15] (1999) | 67 | F | NA | - | - | Hypertension, obesity | Tripping in the garden | Nonoperative (immobilization for 6 wk) | NA | 6 mo | Good |
| Mády and Vajda[2] (2000) | 57 | M | 5 cm (bilateral) | - | - | History of treatment for clubfeet by serial plaster casts | None (spontaneous occurrence) | Surgery (interosseous polydioxanone suture which was reinforced by a local tendon flap) | Mature osseous tissue | 84 mo | Good |
| Battaglia and Chandler[12] (2006) | 55 | M | NA | + | - | Hypertension, dyslipidemia | Strained while pruning a tree | Nonoperative (immobilization for 12 wk)→Surgery (excision and transferring flexor hallucis longus) | Osseous composition | 6 mo | Nonoperative: poor; surgery: good |
| Ishikura et al[9] (2015) | 50 | F | 14 cm | + | - | - | Climbing upstairs | Surgery (excision and reconstruction with hamstring tendon graft and gastrocnemius fascia flap) | Lamellar bone, which is covered by a number of osteoblasts in some areas | 12 mo | Good |
| Gendera et al[18] (2020) | 70 | M | 12 cm | - | + | - | None (spontaneous occurrence) | Surgery (excision and reconstruction with fascia lata graft) | Broad trabeculae of lamellar bone tissue with vital osteocytes | 12 mo | Good |
F: Female; M: Male; NA: Not available.