Figure 1.
Peroxynitrite (PN; 5 µmol/L) impairs mitochondrial respiration and mitochondrial membrane potential. A: basal or state II respiration. B: state III respiration (ADP-induced). C: state IVo respiration (oligomycin-inhibited). D: state IIIu [carbonyl cyanide-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone (FCCP)-induced]. E: membrane potential. Mitochondrial respiratory parameters were measured using Agilent Seahorse XFe24 analyzer, and mitochondrial membrane potential (ψm) was measured fluorometrically using rhodamine 123 dye. Data were presented as means ± SE and analyzed by one-way ANOVA. *P < 0.05, statistically significant. n = 5–6 mice for seahorse experiments and n = 8 mice for the ψm studies.