Quantitative analysis by real-time PCR showing the effects of hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) microinjection of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (25 ng/side) on the mRNA expression of (A) angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), (B) angiotensin II type-1a receptor (AT1a-R), (C) cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, (D) NF-κB p65 subunit, and NADPH oxidase subunits (E) p47phox and (F) gp91phox in the cortex, subfornical organ (SFO), and PVN in rats pretreated with PVN vehicle (VEH) or AG1478. Values are mean ± SE (n = 6 for each group) and expressed as a fold change relative to VEH control. *P < 0.05 compared with the PVN VEH. †P < 0.05, PVN AG1478 + PVN TNF-α vs. PVN VEH + PVN TNF-α.