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Spiral wave dynamics in two-dimensional (2-D) tissue with the Luo and Rudy (LRd) model in the absence of Ito. cycle length (CL) and action potential duration (APD) of spiral waves vs. the fold change (α) of the maximum conductance of different ionic currents. Gto=0. The 2-D tissue simulations were done the same way as in Fig. 1. A: PCa. B: GKr. C: GKs. D: GK1. Cyan arrows indicate that breakup occurs.
