Table 1.
Clinical and biochemical characteristics at lipoprotein apheresis initiation.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age [years] | 58 | 47 | 61 | 65 | 58 | 56 | 54 |
| FH-causing gene mutation | LDLR | LDLR | APOB | LDLR | LDLR | LDLR | LDLR |
| Body mass index [kg/m2] | 24 | 24 | 35 | 29 | 26 | 31 | 34 |
| Waist circumference [cm] | 90 | 80 | 98 | 95 | 95 | 103 | 117 |
| Hip circumference [cm] | 100 | 97 | 104 | 105 | 103 | 116 | 124 |
| High risk features for severe FH | |||||||
| Diabetes | − | + | + | IFG | − | + | − |
| Hypertension | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
| Smoking history | + | + | + | + | − | − | + |
| Family history of early CVD in first-degree relative | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
| Lp(a) max [g/L] | 1.37 | 0.8 | 0.54 | 0.2 | 1.18 | 0.22 | 0.6 |
| CKD (GFR < 60 mL/min/m2) | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
| HDL-C < 40 mg/dL | − | − | − | − | − | − | + |
| Cardiovascular history | |||||||
| Coronary artery disease | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
| ACS | 0 | 6 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| ACS, age of first | NA | 41 | 49 | 57 | 51 | NA | 42 |
| PCI | 5 | 2 | 10 | 0 | 6 | 3 | 3 |
| PCI, age of first | 46 | 41 | 49 | NA | 51 | 49 | 42 |
| CABG | − | − | − | 1 | − | 1 | 1 |
| CABG, age | NA | NA | NA | 57 | NA | 45 | 42 |
| TIA | − | − | + | + | − | − | − |
| Stroke | − | 2 | − | − | − | − | − |
| Stroke, age of first | NA | 45 | NA | 63 | NA | NA | NA |
| Carotid artery stenosis | − | − | + | + | + | − | − |
| Peripheral artery disease | − | − | + | − | − | + | − |
| Revascularization of carotid or peripheral artery | − | − | + | + | − | − | − |
| Heart failure | − | + | − | − | − | − | + |
| LVEF [%] | 60 | 20 | 50 | 60 | 50–55 | 55 | 40 |
| Biochemical parameters | |||||||
| TC max [mg/dL] | 538 | 536 | 392 | 797 | 500 | 431 | 562 |
| LDL-C max [mg/dL] | 453 | 440 | 318 | 759 | 422 | 352 | 475 |
| HDL-C max [mg/dL] | 63 | 61 | 45 | 55 | 39 | 48 | 35 |
| TG max [mg/dL] | 111 | 182 | 145 | 195 | 196 | 146 | 258 |
| Apo A1 [mg/dL] | 1.91 | 1.91 | 1.07 | 1.5 | 1.87 | 1.38 | 1.46 |
| ApoB [mg/dL] | 0.86 | 1.37 | 1.17 | 1.21 | 1.85 | 2 | 1.22 |
| Hypolipidemic treatment | |||||||
| Statin, age of implementation | 46 | 35 | 49 | 45 | 40 | 34 | 38 |
| Intensive lipid-lowering treatment [years] | 12 | 12 | 10 | 8 | 18 | 7 | 16 |
| Statin, type and dose | rosuvastatin 40 mg | rosuvastatin 40 mg | rosuvastatin 40 mg | rosuvastatin 40 mg | rosuvastatin 40 mg | rosuvastatin 40 mg | rosuvastatin 40 mg |
| Ezetimibe 10 mg daily | − | + | + | + | + | + | + |
| Other lipid-lowering medications | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
| Age at apheresis initiation [years] | 55 | 44 | 59 | 63 | 55 | 54 | 52 |
| Apheresis technique | MONET | MONET | MONET | MONET | DALI | DALI | DALI |
Conversion factors to SI units are as follows: glucose, 0.05551; cholesterol, 0.02586 and triglycerides 0.0114. TC-max, LDL-C-max, HDL-C max, TG max are the highest values before statin initiation. ACS — acute coronary syndrome; Apo — apolipoprotein; APOB — apolipoprotein B gene; CABG — coronary artery bypass graft; CKD — chronic kidney disease; CVD — cardiovascular disease; DALI — direct adsorption of lipoproteins; FH — familial hypercholesterolemia; GFR — glomerular filtration rate; HDL-C— high density lipoprotein cholesterol; IFG — impaired glucose tolerance; LDLR — low density lipoprotein receptor gene; LDL-C — low density lipoprotein cholesterol; Lp(a) — lipoprotein (a); LVEF — left ventricular ejection fraction; MONET — Membrane Filtration Optimised Novel Extracorporeal Treatment; NA — not applicable; PCI — percutaneous coronary intervention; TC — total cholesterol; TG — triglicerydes; TIA — transient ischemic attack