Table 1.
Summary of Animal Models That Demonstrated Features of Pathologic Myopia Spontaneously or Induced Through Monocular Deprivation
| Authors | Animal | n | Relevant Phenotypes | Method | Time of First Intervention | Degree of Induced Myopia | Other Features |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cases et al.,95 2015 | Mouse | 20 | Peripapillary staphyloma after 21 days, chorioretinal atrophy after 60 days | Spontaneous in LRP2 knockout model. Mutation associated with Stickler syndrome and Donnai-Barrow or facio-acoustico-renal syndrome (DBS/FOAR), which present with ocular defect | Day 0 | Day 90: About 40% increase in axial length | Increase in vitreous chamber, retina thinning (owing to increased cell death), scleral thinning at the posterior pole, and collagen fibrils formed fewer lamellae |
| Wen et al.,295 2006 | Chick | 45 | Lacquer cracks after 12 weeks | Form-deprivation via lid suturing | Day 2 | Week 4: –10.23 ± 2.15 D, Week 8: –15.57 ± 2.52 D, Week 12: –17.01 ± 3.29 D. Axial length increases by 13.5%, 11.4% and 11.1% respectively | — |
| Hirata and Negi,72 1998 | Chick | 40 | Lacquer cracks after 8 weeks, chorioretinal atrophy (choriocapillaris significantly less dense) after 4 weeks | Form deprivation via lid suturing | Day 1 | Week 8: 28.3% increase in axial length | — |
| Montiani-Ferreira et al.,76 2004 | Chick | 9 rge/rge, 12 rge/+, 5 +/+ | Lacquer cracks after 6.4 weeks, patchy chorioretinal atrophy and scleral displacement after 134 weeks | Spontaneous in congenital stationary night blindness model (mutation in GNB3 gene), animals known as retinopathy globe enlarged (rge) chicks | Day 0 | Hyperopia. At Day 92, rge/rge shows 9.8 ± 7.4 D, rge/+ shows 4.3 ± 0.57 D. Axial length increases by 14.8% | Areas of ruptured Bruch's membrane with focal absence of RPE Fibroblasts covered the interface of the abnormal Bruch's membrane and choriocapillaris |
| Mao et al.,296 2006 | Chick | 32 | Chorioretinal atrophy after 12 weeks | Form deprivation via lid suturing | Day 1 | Week 12: –18.0 ± 2.25 D, 23.1% increase in axial length | TUNEL-positive cells in ONL and INL of myopic chick eyes |
INL, inner nuclear layer; ONL, outer nuclear layer.