Figure 1.

Overall experimental design and timeline. (A) Dams and offspring (both sexes) were developmentally exposed to control light (CL) treatment (12:12 lights on at 6 AM and off at 6 PM) or circadian disruption (CD) treatment (inversion of photoperiod every 3–4 days). The navy blue and yellow boxes each represent a time period of 12 hours, with navy representing lights off and yellow representing lights on; each row is a new day. (B) Diagram of the experimental timeline. Female breeders and their pups were exposed to CL or CD light conditions during development, as represented by the lightbulb symbol and female with pups. At weaning (3 weeks age), offspring were all housed in control light conditions and fed standard rodent chow ad libitum. At 8 weeks of age, immediately following glucose tolerance test, offspring were fed with either high fat diet (HFD) or ingredient-matched control diet (CON) ad libitum, represented by the pale yellow and bright yellow cylinders. Glucose tolerance testing (GTT), visual function using optomotor response (OMR), and retinal function using electroretinogram (ERG) were longitudinally tested from 4 to 21 weeks of age. Tissues were collected for analysis at 22 weeks of age.