Table 3.
Participants' characteristics.
| References | Number of participants | Age (mean ± SD years; range) | Sex Male/female | Handedness Right/Left | Time since stroke (mean ± SD, range) | Type of stroke Ischemic/ hemorrhagic |
Lesion hemisphere Right/left | Stroke location Cortical/ subcortical/ both |
Baseline severity (mean ± SD, range) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cross-over designs | |||||||||
| Boggio et al. (43) Experiment 1 | 4 | 60.75 ± 13.15; 44–75 | 4/0 | 4/0 | 34.5 ± 27.74 months; 12–72 | - | 1/3 | 0/4/0 | MRC: 4.3 ± 0.50; 3.8–4.8 |
| Fleming et al. (44) | 24 | 58.9 ± 12.57; 34–76 | - | 22/2 | 20.4 ± 27.79 months; 3–124 | 20/4 | 12/12 | 7/16/1 | JTT: 78.8 ± 73.4; 29.7–314.1 |
| Fregni et al. (46) | 6 | 53.67 ± 16.64; 28–75 | 4/2 | 6/0 | 27.08 ± 24.27 months; 12–72 | - | 3/3 | 1/3/2 | MRC: 4.2 ± 0.37; 3.5–4.5 |
| Stagg et al. (51) | 13 | 66.38 ± 13.08; 30–80 | 10/3 | 13/0 | 40.23 ± 16.16 months; 18–70 | 12/1 | 4/9 | 6/7/0 | FM: 43.2 ± 17.2; 16–66 |
| Zimerman et al. (52) | 12 | 58.3 ± 13.9; 31–72 | 6/6 | 12/0 | 33.41 ± 16.49 months; 12–64 | 12/0 | 7/5 | 0/12/0 | FM: 63.83 ± 1.27; 61–65 |
| Randomized controlled trials | |||||||||
| Hesse et al. (45) | Anode: 32 Cathode: 32 Sham: 32 |
63.9 ± 10.5; 39–79 64.5 ± 8.6; 46–79 65.6 ± 10.3; 39–79 |
20/12 18/14 21/11 |
- - - |
3.4 ± 1.8 weeks; - 3.8 ± 1.4 weeks; - 3.8 ± 1.5 weeks; - |
32/0 32/0 32/0 |
14/18 15/17 16/16 |
25/7/0 24/8/0 26/6/0 |
FM: 7.8 ± 3.8; - FM: 7.9 ± 3.4; - FM: 8.2± 4.4; - |
| Khedr et al. (53) | Anode:14 Cathode: 13 Sham: 13 |
58 ± 9.5; 38–67 60 ± 9.6; 40–75 57 ± 7.5; 44–66 |
8/6 10/3 8/5 |
- - - |
13.8 ± 5.8 days; 7-25 12.3 ± 4.4 days; 7-20 12.6 ± 4.6 days; 7-22 |
14/0 13/0 13/0 |
7/7 8/5 7/6 |
8/4/2 4/6/3 6/4/3 |
NIHSS: 10.8 ± 2.0; 7–10 NIHSS: 9.9 ± 1.5; 7–12 NIHSS: 11.3 ± 1.5; 9–13 |
| Kim et al. (47) | Anode: 6 Cathode: 5 Sham: 7 |
55.3 ± 16.4; - 53.6 ± 14.9; - 62.9 ± 9.2; - |
5/1 4/1 4/3 |
- - - |
34 ± 27.1 days; - 19.4 ± 9.3 days; - 22.9 ± 7.5 days; - |
6/0 5/0 7/0 |
3/3 1/4 5/2 |
1/4/1 2/1/2 2/4/1 |
FM: 31 ± 11.2; - FM: 39.2 ± 19.0;- FM: 41± 13; - |
| Nair et al. (48) | Cathode: 7 Sham: 7 |
61 ± 12; - 56 ±15; - |
5/2 4/3 |
7/0 7/0 |
33 ± 20 months; - 28 ± 28 months; - |
7/0 7/0 |
4/3 2/5 |
0/2/5 0/3/4 |
FM: 30 ± 11; - FM: 31 ± 10; - |
| Nicolo et al. (49) | Cathode: 14 Sham: 13 cTBS: 14 |
68.5 ± 10.8; - 64.3 ± 17.1; - 62.4 ± 12.3; - |
8/6 8/5 7/7 |
13/1 13/0 13/1 |
5.5 ± 1.7 weeks; - 4.7 ± 1.4 weeks; - 5.3 ± 1.8 weeks; - |
10/4 10/3 13/1 |
9/5 10/3 10/4 |
2/4/8 1/6/6 2/4/8 |
FM: 18.8 ± 15.5;- FM: 18.6 ± 17.2;- FM: 16.9 ± 13.6;- |
| Rocha et al. (50) | Anode: 7 Cathode: 7 Sham: 7 |
58.3; 49–64 58.5; 41–71 58.5; 46–70 |
6/1 5/2 4/3 |
7/0 7/0 7/0 |
27.5 months; 9–48 34.2 months; 10–67 26.5 months; 6–46 |
- - - |
3/4 3/4 4/3 |
- - - |
FM: 44.6 ± 4.1; - FM: 51.6 ± 4.2; - FM: 51 ± 8.9; - |
MRC, Medical Research Council muscle strength test (maximum score 5); FM, Fugl–Meyer upper extremity assessment (maximum score 66); JTT, Jebsen Taylor Test (timed, s); NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; MRS, Modified Rankin Scale.