Figure 1.

Population-level indicators, mobility variations during restrictions, and associated drivers. Panels A–E show the values of our socio-economic indicators, as defined by and acquired from the French National Statistical Institute (www.insee.fr). Indicators are used at the administrative spatial resolution of departments: 96 in mainland France. The borders of the 13 French regions are in white. (A) Ninth decile of the standard of living distribution. (B) House crowding. (C, D) The two principal component analysis components of the structure of job market: high labour-1 indicates high proportion of white collar jobs; high labour-2 indicates—among others—high proportion of workers in hospitality industry and commerce. (E) Number of retail stores per 100 000 residents. Indicators in panels A–E are detailed in SD1, available as Supplementary data at JTM online. (F) Internal mobility during the working days of the first two full weeks of the first lockdown (Mar 17—May 11). (G) Internal mobility during four working days (October 26–29) affected by nighttime curfew from 9 p.m. to 6 a.m. Cross-hatched departments were not under curfew, and excluded from the analysis. (H) Internal mobility during the working days of the first two full weeks of the second lockdown (October 30 to December 13). (I) Internal mobility during four working days (December 21–24) affected by nighttime curfew from 8 p.m. to 6 a.m. All France was under curfew. Throughout panels F–I, internal mobility is computed by department, as the relative difference in the number of trips starting and ending within each department, with respect to a pre-pandemic benchmark (February 3–7).¹ (J) The median posterior estimate of the crude (blue) and adjusted (orange) correlation coefficients between the indicators, and mobility during the first lockdown. Bars indicate 95% credible intervals. Coloured square dots above the bars indicate when zero correlation is outside the credible interval. (K) The same as panel J, for the October curfew (only departments under curfew are considered). (L) The same as panel J, for the second lockdown. (M) The same as panel J, for the December curfew.