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. 2021 Mar 31;55(4):369–375. doi: 10.1093/abm/kaab021

Table 1.

Predictors for mask-wearing and social distancing in two separate regressionsa


 Mask-wearing Social distancing
B p sp η 2 B p sp η 2
Perceived mask mandate 0.330 .001 .010 0.194 .023 .005
Actual mask mandate 0.103 .274 .001 −0.038 .639 <.001
Perceived reopening level −0.067 .147 .002 0.078 .049 .003
Actual reopening levelb 1.341 .008 .006 0.521 .224 .001
Total cases/1 Mc 2.8 × 10–5 .001 .010 −1.2 × 10–6 .868 <.001
New cases/1 Md 0.001 .009 .006 0.001 .039 .004
Female 0.005 .944 <.001 0.168 .009 .006
Age 0.011 <.001 .018 0.018 <.001 .064
Education level 0.050 .113 .002 0.007 .805 <.001
Household income −0.004 .798 <.001 0.02 .185 .002
Political orientation 0.201 <.001 .038 0.132 <.001 .023
Race/ethnicity
 Hispanic 0.221 .116 .002 0.042 .724 <.001
 African American 0.308 .006 .007 0.022 .820 <.001
 Asian 0.419 .042 .004 0.036 .837 <.001
 Native or multiracial 0.387 .142 .002 0.092 .684 <.001
Numeracy 0.035 .358 .001 0.127 <.001 .014
Know someone w/COVID-19e 0.020 .813 <.001 0.033 .641 <.001
Had COVID-19 −0.141 .450 <.001 −0.395 .013 .005
  Model R2 .14 .14

aComplete results from all models of the hierarchical regressions are presented in Supplementary Tables S1 and S2. Note that the preregistration planned to include an additional predictor “perceived effectiveness of face masks/social-distancing.” We did not present results when perceived effectiveness of face masks/social distancing are included in the regressions because perceived effectiveness is theoretically more proximal to mask-wearing and social distancing behaviors than other predictors and can act as a potential mediator for the effect of other predictors on behaviors.

bCoded based on publicly available record on reopening policies regarding the seven general categories of businesses in each state listed by the New York Times on Friday, July 17, 2020 [3].

cBased on state total case data by July 18, 2020, the Saturday before the study [9].

dBased on average daily cases the week of July 13–19, 2020, the week before the study [10].

eThere were 309 participants (28%) in our sample who knew someone with COVID-19.