Table 2.
Summary table for pediatric studies
| Study | Study design | Location | Age (years) (mean ± SD) | COVID+ with AKI | Treatment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *González-Dambrauskas S et al. | Retrospective observational multicenter | Chile, Colombia, Italy, Spain, United States | 6.52 ± 2.99 | 3 | Antibiotics, 15 (88%); remdesivir, 4 (24%); lopinavir and/or rionavir, 1 (6%); corticosteroids, 9 (53%); tocilizumab, 7 (41%); hydroxychloroquine, 8 (47%) |
| *Whittaker E et al. | Uncontrolled case series multicenter | England | 10 ± 1.3 | 11 | IVIG, 33 (75%); corticosteroids, 33 (75%); anakinra, 2 (5%); infliximab, 7 (16%) |
| *Dufort EM et al. | Retrospective observational multicenter | New York, USA | 9.33 ± 1 | 10 | Systemic glucocorticoids, 63 (64%); IVIG, 69 (70%) |
| *Lee PY et al. | Retrospective single center | Boston, USA | 8.77 ± 2.82 | 6 | Immunomodulary therapy, 22 (79%); antimicrobial therapy, 22 (79%); anticoagulation therapy, 24 (86%) |
| *Capone CA et al. | Case series, single center | New York, USA | 8.83 ± 1.183 | 23 | IVIG, 33 (100%); second dose IVIG, 11 (33); methylprednisolone, 23 (70%); aspirin, 29 (88%); anakinra, 4 (12); tocilizumab, 3 (9%); infliximab, 1 (3); enoxaparin, 14 (42) |
| Wang X et al. | Retrospective observational | Wuhan, China | 1.08 | 3 | Meropenem + linezolid, 3 (100%); oseltamivir, 1 (33%); ribavirin, 2 (67%); corticosteroids, 3 (100%); IVIG, 3 (100%) |
| Tram N et al. | Case report | Brussels, Belgium | 15 | 1 | N/A |
| Samies NL et al. | Case report | Alabama, USA | 16 | 1 | IV fluids and hemodialysis for 5 days |
| Repper DC et al. | Case report | California, USA | 15 | 1 | IVIG, corticosteroids |
| Qiu L et al. | Case report | China | 0.67 | 1 | IVIG, methylprednisolone, fluid and electrolyte therapy, low dose diuretics and dopamine |
| Niño-Taravilla C et al. | Case report | Chile | 8 | 1 | Cefotaxime, fluid resuscitation, tocilizumab, |
| *Mamishi S et al. | Retrospective multicenter | Iran | 6.98 ± 0.98 | 13 | IVIG, 18 (48%); steroids, 27 (60) |
| Lee M et al. | Case report | California, USA | 15 | 1 | Normal saline, clindamycin, ceftriaxone, doxycycline, IVIG, methylprednisolone |
| *Grimaud M et al. | Retrospective observational | France | N/A | 14 | All participants (20) received IVIG with adjuvant corticosteroids, IL-1 receptor antagonist, or a monoclonal antibody against IL-6 |
| Oberweis ML et al. | Case report | Belgium | 8 | 1 | IVIG, dobutamine, milrinone |
| *Toubiana J et al. | Prospective observational | Paris, France | 9.03 ± 2.15 | 11 | IVIG, 21 (100%), 10 (48%) corticosteroids |
| Shahbaznejad L et al. | Case series | Iran | 5.32 ± 4.10 | 2 | Antibiotics (7); hydroxychloroquine (6); packed cell (6); albumin (6); IVIG 1g/kg (5); IVIG 2 g/kg (1); steroids (2); vasoactive drugs (4); infliximab (1) |
| *Godfred-Cato S et al. | Retrospective report | District of Columbia and New York, USA | 9.01 ± 3.33 | 105 | IVIG (424), steroids (334), antiplatelet meds (309), anticoagulation meds (233), vasoactive (221), immune modulators (119) |
| *Dionne A et al. | Retrospective cohort, single center | Boston, USA | 9.28 ± 2.05 | 2 | IVIG (16, 64%), steroids (13, 52%), anakinra (4, 16%), aspirin (14, 56%), remdesivir (9, 36%) |
| *Derespina KR et al. | Retrospective observational, multicenter | New York, USA | 14.5 ± 1.67 | 9 | Hydroxychloroquine (27, 38.6%), azithromycin (23, 32.9%), remdesivir (13, 18.6%), corticosteroids (23,32.9%), antibiotics (48,68.6%) |
| *Stewart DJ et al. | Retrospective observational, single center | London, UK | 9.33 ± 1.22 | 15 | N/A |
| *Bjornstad EC et al. | Multicenter cross-sectional analysis | United States, Western Europe, Eastern Europe/Russia | 9.98 ± 2.95 | 47 | N/A |
| Deep A et al. | Multicenter observational study | United Kingdom | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Joshi K et al. | Case series | New York, USA | 11.25 ± 1.17 | 2 | Tocilizumab (2), remdesivir (1), IVIG (1), steroids (1), hydroxychloroquine (2) |
N/A Not applicable. * The studies included in the meta-analysis