Fig 2. Inhibition of ovalbumin-induced histological changes by IBMX and Vinp.

(A) H&E, (B) PAS, and (C) Congo red staining were performed to investigate the histological changes. H&E and PAS staining (left-hand side: magnification 10×; scale bar, 100 μm; right-hand side: magnification 40×; scale bar, 30 μm) show infiltration of inflammatory cells (yellow arrows), damage to epithelial cells (black arrows), and mucus stained magenta (red arrows). Congo red staining (magnification 63×, scale bar, 20 μm) shows the eosinophils (white arrows). (D) The inflammation scores were determined based on criteria. (E) PAS-stained areas were analyzed using ImageJ software. (F) Congo red-stained eosinophils were counted in a 20,000-μm² area. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA (Data were considered significant at **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001 compared with the control group and ^#P<0.05, ^##P<0.01, and ^###P<0.001 compared with the OVA group). IBMX, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine; H&E, hematoxylin–eosin; PAS, periodic acid–Schiff; OVA, ovalbumin; Vinp, vinpocetine; Dex, dexamethasone.