Table 3.

Ten-point risk of paradoxical embolism (RopE) score to determine a high-risk patent foramen ovale (PFO).

Characteristic		Points
No history of hypertension		+1
No history of diabetes		+1
No history of stroke or TIA		+1
Nonsmoker		+1
Cortical infarct on imaging		+1
Age [years]:
18–29		+5
30–39		+4
40–49		+3
50–59		+2
60–69		+1
≥ 70		0
SCORE INTERPRETATION
RoPE score	PFO-attributable fraction (95% CI)	Estimated stroke/TIA recurrence at 2 years
0–3	0% (0–4)	20% (12–28)
4	38% (25–48)	12% (6–18)
5	34% (21–45)	7% (3–11)
6	62% (54–68)	8% (4–12)
7	72% (66–76)	6% (2–10)
8	84% (79–87)	6% (2–10)
9–10	88% (83–91)	2% (0–4)

CI — confidence interval; TIA — transient ischemic attack