Table 3.
Characteristics of the Articles Included in the Meta-analysis
| Sample | Study | N | % Men | Age | Education (y) | Illness duration (y) | Age at onset | % Sz | % Sz affective | Functional domains and aspects | ToM tasks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Achim et al22 | 31 | 84 | 24.9 | - | 1.9 | - | 74 | 1 | Global (FO) | COST |
| 2 | Bambini et al59 | 43 | 62 | 39.7 | 11.8 | 15.5 | 24.5 | 100 | - | Global (FO) | PST |
| 3 | Bechi et al60 | 79 | 62 | 40.9 | - | - | 23.6 | 100 | - | Global (FO); IADL (FP) | RMET |
| 4 | Bechi et al61 | 30 | 47 | 37.7 | 11.3 | 12.5 | 25.5 | 100 | - | IADL (FP) | PST |
| 5 | Bell et al27 | 151 | 58 | 42.8 | 13.2 | - | 22.6 | 69 | 31 | PA (FO); SF (FO) | Hinting |
| 6 | Bora et al29 | 50 | 66 | 30.6 | 11.5 | 9.1 | 21.4 | 100 | - | Global (FO); IADL (FO); PA (FO); SF (FO) | Hinting; RMET |
| 7 | Brown et al34 | 45 | 51 | 36.2 | 11.1 | 12.2 | - | 100 | IADL (FO); PA (FO); SF (FO) | Hinting; RMET | |
| 8 | Brüne et al62 | 50 | 44 | 39.2 | - | 9.9 | 29.3 | 76 | 18 | Global (FO) | FB; PST |
| 9 | Brüne et al63 | 69 | 65 | 36.3 | - | 10.6 | 25.9 | 84 | 16 | Global (FO) | PST |
| 10 | Cavieres et al64 | 42 | 67 | 24.3 | - | - | - | 100 | - | Global (FO) | Basic and complex emotions |
| 11 | Chen et al35 | 53 | 77 | 42.3 | - | 21.3 | - | 100 | - | IADL (FO); PA (FO); SF (FO) | FP; RMET; Strange stories |
| 12 | Cook et al65 | 43 | 67 | 42.2 | 12.9 | - | - | 47 | 28 | Global (FO) | Hinting |
| 13 | Couture et al23 | 178 | 64 | 45.9 | 12.2 | - | - | 100 | - | Global (FO); PA (FP) | Hinting |
| 14 | Davidson et al66 | 48 | 58 | 51.0 | 12.3 | - | 21.2 | 77 | 13 | Global (FO) | Comic strips; Hinting; RMET; TASIT-III; ToM PST |
| 15 | Fiszdon et al30 | 119 | 65 | 44.9 | 12.9 | 9.6 | 22.7 | 69 | 31 | Global (FO); IADL (FO); PA (FO); SF (FO) | Hinting |
| 16 | Fox et al67 | 28 | 64 | 33.2 | - | 14.6 | - | 100 | - | SF (FP) | TASIT-III |
| 17 | Galderisi et al68 | 740 | 70 | 40.0 | 11.7 | 16.4 | 24.1 | 100 | - | IADL (FO); PA (FO); SF (FO); IADL (FP) | TASIT-III |
| 18 | Giusti et al69 | 20 | 70 | 36.2 | 13.4 | 11.6 | - | 100 | - | Global (FO) | RMET; Strange stories |
| 19 | Green et al70 | 191 | 68 | 46.6 | 12.7 | 24.2 | - | 91 | 1 | Global (FO); IADL (FP) | TASIT-III |
| 20 | Greenwood et al71 | 43 | 51 | 39.5 | - | - | - | 100 | - | IADL (FP) | Comic strips |
| 21 | Hajduk et al72 | 43 | 60 | 38.2 | - | 11.3 | - | 72 | 28 | Global (FO); IADL (FO); PA (FO); SF (FO) | Hinting |
| 22a | Harvey et al73* | 103 | 64 | 42.6 | 12.5 | - | - | -** | - | SF (FO) | Hinting; RMET; TASIT-III |
| 22b | Harvey et al73* | 209 | 63 | 41.6 | 13.1 | - | - | -** | - | SF (FO) | Hinting; RMET; TASIT-III |
| 23 | Horan et al36 | 55 | 76 | 22.3 | 12.7 | 0.9 | - | 100 | - | IADL (FO); PA (FO); SF (FO) | TASIT-III |
| 24 | Horton et al74 | 34 | 62 | 45.0 | - | 18.0 | - | 76 | 24 | Global (FO) | Hinting |
| 25 | Johannesen et al75 | 32 | 59 | 48.8 | 12.7 | - | - | 100 | - | IADL (FO) | Hinting; SAT-MC; TASIT-III |
| 26 | Jung et al76 | 56 | 55 | 33.4 | 15.2 | 11.2 | - | 73 | 16 | Global (FO) | FB; MTSS |
| 27 | Kalin et al77 | 179 | 65 | 42.1 | 12.7 | - | - | 54 | 46 | SF (FO); SF (FP) | Hinting; RMET; TASIT-III |
| 28 | Kanie et al78 | 52 | 54 | 38.1 | 13.7 | 13.2 | - | 100 | - | Global (FO); IADL (FO); PA (FO); SF (FO) | SCSQ |
| 29 | Kern et al79 | 50 | 63 | 34.5 | 13.9 | - | - | 100 | - | Global (FO); IADL (FO); PA (FO); SF (FO) | TASIT-III |
| 30 | Konstantakopoulos et al80 | 52 | 60 | 42.0 | 11.5 | 17.4 | - | 100 | - | Global (FO) | FP |
| 31 | Kosmidis et al81 | 28 | 79 | 36.9 | 12.4 | 10.9 | 26.0 | 100 | - | SF (FP) | Cartoon stories; Verbal stories |
| 32 | Langdon et al82 | 23 | 96 | 20.9 | 11.4 | 0.9 | 19.9 | 91 | 0.1 | Global (FO) | PST |
| 33 | Le et al83 | 146 | 68 | 41.5 | 12.3 | - | - | 80 | 20 | Global (FO) | Hinting |
| 34 | Lee et al84 | 55 | 49 | 41.4 | 11.2 | 12.9 | 28.5 | 100 | - | SF (FO) | Cartoon stories |
| 35 | Lincoln et al85 | 75 | 63 | 33.9 | 14.9 | 10.0 | - | 88 | 12 | SF (FO) | FB; MTSS |
| 36 | Lo & Siu86 | 30 | 53 | 41.6 | 9.0 | - | 24.3 | 100 | - | Global (FP); IADL (FP); PA (FP); SF (FP) | SCSQ |
| 37 | Lo & Siu33 | 62 | 45 | 37.9 | 10.7 | 12.0 | 25.9 | 100 | - | Global (FP); IADL (FP); PA (FP); SF (FP) | SCSQ |
| 38 | Ludwig et al87 | 38 | 87 | 23.5 | 14.0 | - | - | 66 | 16 | Global (FO); IADL (FP); SF (FP) | Hinting; RMET; TASIT-III |
| 39 | Martinez-Dominguez et al28 | 21 | 71 | 39.2 | 16.1 | 13.3 | - | 100 | - | Global (FO); IADL (FO); PA (FO); SF (FO) | Hinting; RMET |
| 40 | Mathews & Barch88 | 40 | 65 | 36.8 | 13.1 | - | 19.0 | 75 | 25 | Global (FO); IADL (FO); PA (FO); SF (FO) | TASIT-III |
| 41 | Mazza et al89 | 49 | 67 | 26.4 | 12.6 | 1.0 | - | 100 | - | Global (FO) | Advanced ToM |
| 42 | McGlade et al90 | 73 | 67 | 41.4 | 13.6 | 18.2 | - | 77 | 23 | Global (FP) | RMET |
| 43 | Mehl et al91 | 55 | 54 | 32.1 | 15.1 | 9.6 | - | 78 | 15 | SF (FO); SF (FP) | MTSS |
| 44 | Mehta et al92 | 60 | 70 | 33.3 | 13.0 | 8.1 | - | 88 | 12 | Global (FO) | SOCRATIS |
| 45 | Murphy93 | 30 | 100 | 37.4 | - | 13.1 | - | 100 | - | Global (FO) | MAT; RMET |
| 46 | Oh et al94 | 42 | 55 | 35.8 | 12.4 | 7.6 | - | 100 | - | Global (FO); IADL (FO); PA (FO); SF (FO) | SAT-MC |
| 47 | Pijnenborg et al95 | 46 | 74 | 27.4 | 4.8 | 7.0 | 24.2 | 100 | - | Global (FO) | FP |
| 48 | Pinkham & Penn96 | 49 | 57 | 33.2 | 14.3 | 10.4 | - | 71 | 25 | SF (FP) | Hinting; ToM vignette |
| 49 | Pinkham et al97 | 218 | 65 | 41.7 | 13.0 | - | - | 51 | 49 | Global (FO); IADL (FP); SF (FP) | Hinting; RMET; SAT-MC; TASIT-III |
| 50 | Piovan et al98 | 30 | 63 | 45.4 | 9.6 | 16.0 | 29.4 | 100 | - | Global (FO) | PST |
| 51 | Riccardi et al99 | 30 | 70 | 37.8 | 9.9 | 13.9 | - | 100 | - | Global (FO) | Visual jokes |
| 52 | Robertson et al100 | 216 | 74 | 40.7 | - | 17.1 | - | 100 | - | Global (FO) | Hinting; RMET |
| 53 | Roncone et al16 | 44 | 77 | 33.4 | 11.6 | 10.7 | - | 77 | 1 | Global (FO); IADL (FO); PA (FO); SF (FO) | ToM stories |
| 54 | Smith et al101 | 60 | 63 | 35.4 | - | 14.4 | - | 100 | - | Global (FO); SF (FP) | EPTT |
| 55 | Tas et al102 | 28 | 46 | 34.1 | 11.2 | 11.4 | - | 100 | - | IADL (FO); PA (FO); SF (FO) | Hinting; RMET |
| 56 | Tso et al103 | 33 | 67 | 38.5 | 13.8 | 3.9 | 11.8 | 100 | - | Global (FO) | RMET |
| 57 | Valaparla et al104 | 51 | 43 | 32.4 | 12.2 | 5.5 | 26.7 | 100 | - | Global (FO); IADL (FO); PA (FO); SF (FO) | SOCRATIS |
| 58 | Weijers et al105 | 87 | 64 | 31.7 | - | 5.7 | - | 63 | 14 | Global (FO) | Hinting |
| 59 | Zhu et al106 | 40 | 45 | 30.2 | 10.7 | 6.8 | - | 100 | - | Global (FO); IADL (FO); PA (FO); SF (FO) | FP |
| Characteristics of the overall participants across all studies (means and standard deviations are presented) | 4369 | 65.0 | 38.9 (10.1) | 12.4 (2.6) | 13.5 (8.9) | 24.2 (7.6) | 87.5 | 10.9 |
Note: SZ, Schizophrenia; SZaffective, Schizoaffective. IADL, Instrumental activities of daily living; PA, Productive activities; SF, Social functioning; Global, Global functioning; FO, Functional outcome; FP, Functional performance; COST, Combined Stories Test; PST, Picture Sequencing Task; RMET, Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test; Hinting, Hinting task; FB, False belief task; FP, Faux-Pas task; ToM PST, Theory of Mind Picture Stories Task; TASIT-III, The Awareness of Social Inference Test; SAT-MC, The Social Attribution Task-Multiple Choice; MTSS, Movie Task of Social Situation; SCSQ, Social Cognition and Screening Questionnaire; SOCRATIS, Social Cognition Rating Tools in Indian Setting; MAT, Modified Advanced theory of mind test; EPTT, Emotional Perspective Taking Task.
*Harvey et al (2019) include participants from the study of Pinkham et al (2018). To avoid overlap of the samples, only data from Pinkham et al (2018) were used to calculate sociodemographic information. Harvey et al (2019) however provided correlations between ToM and social functioning that were used for the analyses since they provided distinct information.
**Diagnoses are provided for the whole group, but not detailed for the subgroups, but include only patients with SZ or SZaffective.