Table 1.
Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of the Total Sample
| Age | 39.30 ± 13.56 |
| Sex (M / F) | 27 / 10 |
| Age of onset | 25.51 ± 8.74 |
| Duration of illness | 15.08 ± 9.19 |
| Previous antipsychotic trials (median; range; min; max) | 3; 8; 2; 10 |
| Previous clozapine trial (Y / N) | 6 / 31 |
| Number of hospitalizations (median; range; min; max) | 3; 12; 0; 12 |
| Capacity to consent (Y/N) | 32 / 5 |
| Diagnosis (F20 / F25) | 30 / 7 |
| Comorbid psychiatric diagnosis | |
| Affective disorder | 6 |
| Anxiety disorder | 1 |
| Epilepsy | 1 |
| Personality disorder | 1 |
| Post-traumatic stress disorder | 1 |
| None | 27 |
| Antipsychotic before switching to clozapine (N): | |
| Olanzapine | 10 |
| Aripiprazole | 5 |
| Amisulpride | 4 |
| Risperidone | 5 |
| Quetiapine | 4 |
| Flupentixol | 2 |
| Asenapine | 1 |
| Haloperidol | 1 |
| Zuclopenthixol | 1 |
| Antipsychotic dose at baseline mean ± SD CPZE/mg per day | 219.41 ± 184.85 |
| Antidepressant medication: N (Y / N) | 12 / 25 |
| GABAergic medication: N (Y / N) | 18/19 |
| GABAergic medication: N (BDZ/Val/Li/Zop/PreG/Lam) | 11/7/3/1/1/1 |
| Current tobacco use N (Y / N) | 15 / 22 |
| Current alcohol current use N (Y / N) | 10 / 27 |
| Substance abuse ever N (Y / N) | 25 / 12 |
| Substance abuse ever by type (N): | |
| Cannabis | 23 |
| Cocaine | 13 |
| Amphetamines | 11 |
| Hallucinogens | 8 |
| Ketamine | 6 |
| Legal Highs | 5 |
| Inhalants | 2 |
| Heroin | 1 |
| Current Substance use N, (Y / N) | 7 / 30 |
| Current Substance use type (N) | |
| Cannabis | 6 |
| Cocaine | 4 |
| Amphetamines | 1 |
| Hallucinogens | 0 |
| Ketamine | 0 |
| Legal Highs | 0 |
| Inhalants | 0 |
| Heroin | 0 |
Note: Values are provided as mean ± SD unless otherwise stated. CGI-S, Clinical Global Impression- Schizophrenia; CPZE, Chlorpromazine equivalent dose; GAF, Global Assessment of Functioning; PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; PSP, Personal and Social Performance. Diagnosis, F20, Schizophrenia; F25, Schizoaffective disorder; CNS medication, 5-HT, serotonergic antidepressants (including citalopram, duloxetine, escitalopram, fluoxetine, mirtazapine, sertraline, reboxetine, venlafaxine); GABA, GABAergic medication (including BDZ, benzodiazepines; Val, valproate; Li, lithium; Zop, zopiclone; PreG, pregabalin; Lam, lamotrigine).