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. 2021 May;27(5):1371–1379. doi: 10.3201/eid2705.204490

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Germany showing locations of residences of human case-patients who had encephalitis and other conditions and were tested for bornavirus etiology, 2018–2020. Among 103 encephalitis cases with unknown etiology, 4 bornavirus cases were found: 1 chronic VSBV-1 infection in northern Germany (case 1) and 3 BoDV-1 infections in southern Germany (cases 2, 3, and 4). Encephalitis cases without a bornavirus etiology are indicated as green circles. Among 121 cases without a clinical history of encephalitis but for whom a bornavirus serologic analysis was requested, no bornavirus infections were detected (blue circles). Purple indicates regions known to be endemic for BoDV-1. BoDV-1, Borna disease virus 1; VSBV-1, variegated squirrel bornavirus 1.