Table 1.
Characteristics of the study participants.
| Characteristics | Male (n = 62) | Female (n = 83) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demography | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | |
| Age (years) | 22.01 ± 3.06 | 21.44 ± 2.21 | 0.217 |
| Height (cm) | 172.37 ± 6.95 | 161.05 ± 5.52 | ≤0.001 |
| Weight (kg) | 64.87 ± 10.06 | 52.64 ± 7.51 | ≤0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21.80 ± 3.05 | 20.20 ± 2.31 | ≤0.001 |
| BSA (m2) | 1.76 ± 0.15 | 1.53 ± 0.12 | ≤0.001 |
| HS | |||
| HSleft (kg) | 42.56 ± 7.02 | 24.29 ± 4.53 | ≤0.001 |
| HSright (kg) | 42.81 ± 7.72 | 24.78 ± 4.95 | ≤0.001 |
| HSaverage (kg) | 42.69 ± 6.98 | 24.54 ± 4.39 | ≤0.001 |
| HSBMI | 1.99 ± 0.41 | 1.23 ± 0.24 | ≤0.001 |
| HSBSA | 24.38 ± 4.17 | 16.05 ± 2.71 | ≤0.001 |
| Anthropometry | |||
| Lean-tissue percentage (%) | 0.74 ± 0.04 | 0.68 ± 0.03 | ≤0.001 |
| Fat percentage (%) | 0.22 ± 0.06 | 0.28 ± 0.03 | ≤0.001 |
| Protein percentage (%) | 0.17 ± 0.01 | 0.16 ± 0.01 | ≤0.001 |
| Total water percentage (%) | 0.57 ± 0.03 | 0.52 ± 0.03 | ≤0.001 |
| Inorganic salt percentage (%) | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | ≤0.001 |
| Cardiorespiratory fitness | |||
| AT (ml/kg·min) | 18.78 ± 4.72 | 15.23 ± 3.43 | ≤0.001 |
| VO2max (ml/kg·min) | 33.38 ± 6.28 | 26.49 ± 4.25 | ≤0.001 |
| HRrest (rpm) | 80.76 ± 14.60 | 88.66 ± 12.84 | ≤0.001 |
| HRAT (rpm) | 123.97 ± 15.57 | 126.22 ± 15.66 | 0.392 |
| HRmax (rpm) | 174.10 ± 17.49 | 173.57 ± 12.89 | 0.841 |
| RERmax | 1.25 ± 0.12 | 1.23 ± 0.17 | 0.317 |
| VEmax (ml/min) | 75.63 ± 19.55 | 51.77 ± 11.56 | ≤0.001 |
| Loadmax (W) | 179.79 ± 33.28 | 109.89 ± 16.83 | ≤0.001 |
| Psysmax (mmHg) | 167.24 ± 26.50 | 138.94 ± 17.40 | ≤0.001 |
| Pdiamax (mmHg) | 74.85 ± 13.28 | 69.00 ± 11.90 | 0.007 |
| METmax | 9.54 ± 1.79 | 7.57 ± 1.22 | ≤0.001 |
| ΔVO2/ΔLoad | 10.31 ± 1.26 | 10.24 ± 1.23 | 0.741 |
| VE/VCO2 | 24.17 ± 3.38 | 27.27 ± 3.16 | ≤0.001 |
| OUES | 2224.47 ± 475.02 | 1647.63 ± 1437.16 | ≤0.001 |
| Smoking∗N (%) | 49 (79.0) | 79 (95.2) | 0.003 |
| Exercise habits∗N (%) | ≤0.001 | ||
| Sedentary | 29 (46.8) | 65 (78.3) | |
| 1–2 times a week | 20 (32.3) | 17 (20.5) | |
| ≥3 times a week | 13 (21.0) | 1 (1.2) |
SD: standard deviation; BMI: body mass index; BSA: body surface area; HSleft: handgrip strength of the left hand; HSright: handgrip strength of the right hand; HSmax: maximum handgrip strength of the two hands; HSaverage: average handgrip strength of both hands; HSBMI: HSaverage adjusted for BMI; HSBSA: HSaverage adjusted for BSA; AT: anaerobic threshold; VO2max: max oxygen uptake; HRrest: resting heart rate; HRAT: heart rate at anaerobic threshold; HRmax: max heart rate; Loadmax: max work load; RERmax: respiratory exchange ratio at max work load; VEmax: minute ventilation at max work load; Psysmax: systolic pressure at max work load; Pdiamax: diastolic pressure at max workload; METmax: metabolic equivalent at max work load; ΔVO2/ΔLoad: oxygen required at each load; VE/VCO2: the minute ventilation/carbon dioxide production slope; OUES: oxygen uptake efficiency slope. Values are shown as mean ± SD or as number (%).