Table 1.
Demographics, health expenditures, and kidney replacement therapy costs in African countries that responded to the ISN-GKHA survey6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16
| Country | World Bank income level | Area (km2) | Total population (2018) | GDP (PPP), $ billionsa |
Total health expenditures (% of GDP)a | Annual cost KRTb (US$) and out-of-pocket cost/% paid by patient from total costc |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HD | PD | KT (first year) | ||||||
| Global median | — | — | — | — | 6.5 | 22,617 | 20,524 | 25,356 |
| Africa median | — | 29,974,508 | 1,255,518,570 | 118.5 | 6.1 | 15,800 | 17,542 | 16,312 |
| Algeria | Upper-middle | 2,381,741 | 41,657,488 | 630.0 | 6.6 | 9,152/0 | —/0 | —/0 |
| Angola | Lower-middle | 1,246,700 | 30,355,880 | 193.6 | 2.9 | —/0 | —/0 | — |
| Benin | Low | 112,622 | 11,340,504 | 25.4 | 3.9 | —/0 | —/0 | —/0 |
| Botswana | Upper-middle | 581,730 | 2,249,104 | 39.0 | 5.5 | —/100 | —/100 | — |
| Burkina Faso | Low | 274,200 | 19,742,715 | 35.9 | 6.8 | —/>75 | — | — |
| Burundi | Low | 27,830 | 11,844,520 | 8.0 | 6.2 | 12,480/1–25 | — | — |
| Cabo Verde | Lower-middle | 4033 | 568,373 | 3.8 | 5.2 | —/0 | — | — |
| Cameroon | Lower-middle | 475,440 | 25,640,965 | 89.5 | 4.7 | 1560/1–25 | — | — |
| Cen. African Rep. | Low | 622,984 | 5,745,062 | 3.4 | 4.3 | — | — | — |
| Chad | Low | 1,284,000 | 15,833,116 | 28.6 | 4.5 | —/100 | — | — |
| Comoros | Lower-middle | 2235 | 821,164 | 1.3 | 7.6 | — | — | — |
| Congo, Dem. Rep. | Low | 2,344,858 | 85,281,024 | 68.6 | 3.9 | 43,902/>75 | 34,165/100 | — |
| Congo, Rep. | Lower-middle | 342,000 | 5,062,021 | 29.4 | 4.6 | —/1–25 | —/26–50 | — |
| Cote d'Ivoire | Lower-middle | 322,463 | 26,260,582 | 97.2 | 4.4 | — | — | — |
| Djibouti | Lower-middle | 23,200 | 884,017 | 3.6 | 3.5 | — | — | — |
| Egypt | Lower-middle | 1,001,450 | 99,413,317 | 1204.0 | 4.6 | 3217/0 | 6979/0 | 7482/0 |
| Equatorial Guinea | Upper-middle | 28,051 | 797,457 | 31.5 | 3.4 | — | — | — |
| Eritrea | Low | 117,600 | 5,970,646 | 9.4 | 3.0 | — | — | — |
| Ethiopia | Low | 1,104,300 | 108,386,391 | 200.6 | 4.0 | —/100 | — | —/1–25 |
| Gabon | Upper-middle | 267,667 | 2,119,036 | 36.7 | 2.7 | —/1–25 | — | — |
| Gambia | Low | 11,300 | 2,092,731 | 5.6 | 6.7 | —/0 | — | — |
| Ghana | Lower-middle | 238,533 | 28,102,471 | 134.0 | 5.9 | —/>75 | — | —/100 |
| Guinea | Low | 245,857 | 11,855,411 | 28.0 | 4.5 | — | — | — |
| Guinea-Bissau | Low | 36,125 | 1,833,247 | 3.2 | 6.9 | — | — | — |
| Kenya | Lower-middle | 580,367 | 48,397,527 | 163.7 | 5.2 | 17,736/1–25 | 13,302/26–50 | —/51–75 |
| Lesotho | Lower-middle | 30,355 | 1,962,461 | 6.7 | 8.4 | — | — | — |
| Liberia | Low | 111,369 | 4,809,768 | 6.1 | 15.2 | — | — | — |
| Libya | Upper-middle | 1,759,540 | 6,754,507 | 62.0 | 5.0 | —/>75 | —/>75 | —/51–75 |
| Madagascar | Low | 587,041 | 25,683,610 | 39.9 | 5.2 | —/>75 | —/>75 | — |
| Malawi | Low | 118,484 | 19,842,560 | 22.4 | 9.3 | —/0 | — | — |
| Mali | Low | 1,240,192 | 18,429,893 | 41.2 | 5.8 | — | — | — |
| Mauritania | Lower-middle | 1,030,700 | 3,840,429 | 17.3 | 4.6 | —/1–25 | — | — |
| Mauritius | Upper-middle | 2040 | 1,364,283 | 28.3 | 5.5 | — | — | — |
| Morocco | Lower-middle | 446,550 | 34,314,130 | 298.6 | 5.5 | 5282 | 6812 | 7357 |
| Mozambique | Low | 799,380 | 27,233,789 | 37.1 | 5.4 | —/26–50 | — | — |
| Namibia | Upper-middle | 824,292 | 2,533,224 | 26.6 | 8.9 | 27,159/1–25 | 27,159 | —/1–25 |
| Niger | Low | 1,267,000 | 19,866,231 | 21.9 | 7.2 | — | — | — |
| Nigeria | Lower-middle | 923,768 | 203,452,505 | 1121.0 | 3.6 | 23,606/100 | 35,582 | 21,460/100 |
| Rwanda | Low | 26,338 | 12,187,400 | 24.7 | 7.9 | — | — | — |
| Sao Tome & Principe | Lower-middle | 964 | 204,454 | 0.7 | 9.8 | — | — | — |
| Senegal | Lower-middle | 196,722 | 15,020,945 | 54.8 | 4.0 | 20,311/1–25 | 19,404/1–25 | 20,510 |
| Seychelles | High | 455 | 94,633 | 2.8 | 3.4 | — | — | — |
| Sierra Leone | Low | 71,740 | 6,312,212 | 11.6 | 18.3 | —/100 | — | — |
| Somalia | Low | 637,657 | 11,259,029 | 20.4 | — | — | — | — |
| South Africa | Upper-middle | 1,219,090 | 55,380,210 | 767.2 | 8.2 | 10,736/0 | 13,302/0 | 23,827/0 |
| South Sudan | Low | 644,329 | 10,204,581 | 20.0 | 2.5 | — | — | — |
| Sudan | Lower-middle | 1,861,484 | 43,120,843 | 177.4 | 6.3 | 11,639/1–25 | 13,202/1–25 | 15,680/1–25 |
| Swaziland | Lower-middle | 17,364 | 1,087,200 | 11.6 | 7.7 | —/0 | — | — |
| Tanzania | Low | 947,300 | 55,451,343 | 162.5 | 6.1 | 28,446/1–25 | — | —/1–25 |
| Togo | Low | 56,785 | 8,176,449 | 13.0 | 6.6 | — | — | — |
| Tunisia | Upper-middle | 163,610 | 11,516,189 | 137.7 | 6.7 | 5980/1–25 | 5520/1–25 | 17,870/1–25 |
| Uganda | Low | 241,038 | 40,853,749 | 89.2 | 7.3 | —/26–50 | — | — |
| Zambia | Lower-middle | 752,618 | 16,445,079 | 68.9 | 5.4 | —/1–25 | —/1–25 | — |
| Zimbabwe | Lower-middle | 390,757 | 14,030,368 | 34.3 | 10.3 | -—/>75 | —/>75 | — |
—, Data not reported/unavailable; Cen., Central; Dem. Rep., Democratic Republic; GDP, gross domestic product; GKHA, Global Kidney Health Atlas; HD, hemodialysis; ISN, International Society of Nephrology; KRT, kidney replacement therapy; KT, kidney transplantations; PD, peritoneal dialysis; PPP, purchasing power parity; Rep, Republic.
a
Estimates are in US$ 2017.
b
Detailed reference list on annual cost of KRT is available in the Supplementary Appendix.
c
Costs are in $US 2016.