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. 2021 Apr 30;83(1):e22–e25. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2021.04.030

Table 1.

Demographic data, anthropometric data, clinical characteristics, underlying conditions, outcomes and treatments of laboratory-confirmed pediatric coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients with and without gastrointestinal signs/symptoms.

Variables With gastrointestinal signs/symptoms (n=25) Without gastrointestinal signs/symptoms (n=58) p
Demographic data
 Male sex 15 (60) 32 (55) 0.81
 Current age, years 8 (0.5-17.75) 10.75 (0-17.92) 0.78
 Age < 10 years 9 (36) 31 (53) 0.16
Anthropometric data
 Body mass index, kg/m2 16 (13-25) 18 (11-36) 0.33
Clinical characteristics
 Duration of signs/symptoms before diagnosis, days 4 (1-11) 2 (0-114) 0.11
 Fever 17/25 (68) 44/58 (76) 0.59
 Duration of fever, days 2 (0-11) 1 (0-15) 0.29
 Nasal discharge 7/25 (28) 26/57 (46) 0.15
 Sneezing 4/25 (16) 12/57 (21) 0.77
 Cough 11/25 (44) 27/56 (48) 0.81
 Sore throat 3/21 (14) 10/43 (23) 0.52
 Anosmia 2/17 (12) 4/32 (13) 1.0
 Dysgeusia 1 /13(8) 4/29 (14) 1.0
 Headache 5/21 (24) 12/42 (29) 0.77
 Myalgia 7/20 (35) 10/45 (22) 0.21
 Arthralgia 0/20 1/43 (2.3) -
 Conjunctivitis 2/24 (8) 1/52 (2) 0.23
 Dyspnea 7/25 (28) 24/56 (43) 0.23
 Hypoxemia 7/25 (28) 18/56 (32) 0.80
 Respiratory symptoms 19/25 (76) 42/58 (72) 0.79
 Cutaneous rash 1/25 (4) 4/58 (7) 1.0
 Fever without a source 0/25 12/57 (21) -
 Neurological symptoms 1/25 (4) 6/58 (10) 0.67
 Pneumonia 8/25 (32) 14/56 (25) 0.59
 Pediatric severe acute respiratory syndrome 6/25 (24) 12/56 (21) 0.78
 Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) 5/25 (20) 3/57 (5) 0.05
 Renal involvement 3/25 (12) 1/58 (2) 0.08
 Dermatologic involvement 1/25 (4) 4/58 (7) 1.0
 Neurological involvement 1/25 (4) 6/58 (10) 0.67
 Hematologic involvement 16/24 (67) 29/54 (54) 0.33
 Cardiac involvement 16/25 (64) 18/58 (31) 0.007
 Respiratory involvement 9/25 (36) 17/58 (29) 0.61
 Number of organs and systems involvement 3 (1-5) 1 (0-5) <0.001
Underlying conditions
 Pediatric preexisting chronic diseases 20/25 (80) 43/57 (75) 0.78
 Diabetes mellitus 0/25 1/58 (2) -
  Arterial hypertension 6/25 (24) 8/58 (14) 0.34
 Immunosuppressive diseases 14/25 (56) 21/58 (36) 0.15
 Primary immunodeficiency 1/25 (4) 1/58 (2) 0.51
 Solid organ transplantation 1/25 (4) 2/58 (3) 1.0
 Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation 0/25 2/58 (3) -
 Malignancy 8/25 (32) 12/58 (21) 0.28
 Current chemotherapy 6/24 (25) 11/58 (19) 0.56
 Current radiotherapy 0 0 -
 Chronic kidney disease 3/25 (12) 5/58 (9) 0.69
 Autoimmune chronic illnesses 1/25 (4) 4/58 (7) 1.0
 Immunosuppressive therapy 8/24 (33) 19/58 (33) 1.0
Outcomes
 Hospitalization 20/25 (80) 41/58 (71) 0.43
 Duration of hospitalization, days 6 (1-54) 7 (0-67) 0.46
 Pediatric intensive care unit admission 9/25 (36) 14/57 (25) 0,30
 Mechanical ventilation 5/25(20) 6/57 (11) 0.30
 Vasoactive agents 4/25 (16) 3/57 (5) 0.19
 Arterial hypotension 5/25 (20) 2/56 (4) 0.03
 Shock 5/25 (20) 5/57 (9) 0.16
 Disseminated intravascular coagulation 0/25 2/57 (4) -
 Thrombosis 0/25 3/57 (5) -
 Viral co-infection (rhinovirus) 0/2 4/6 (67) -
 Death 4/25 (16) 2/58 (3) 0.06
Treatments
 Blood products transfusion 5/25 (20) 8/57 (14) 0.52
 Red blood cells transfusion 5/24 (21) 8/57 (14) 0.51
 Platelets transfusion 3/24 (13) 5/57 (9) 0.70
 Plasma transfusion 1/24 (4) 0/57 -
 Oxygen therapy 7/25 (28) 21/57 (37) 0.61
 Antibiotic 16/25 (64) 32/57 (56) 0.63
 Oseltamivir 6/25 (24) 19/57 (33) 0.45
 Intravenous immunoglobulin 6/25 (24) 4/57 (7) 0.06
 Enoxaparin 4/25 (16) 5/57 (9) 0.45
 Aspirin 4/25 (16) 1/57 (2) 0.03
 Systemic glucocorticoid 6/25 (24) 8/57 (14) 0.34
  Intravenous methylprednisolone pulse therapy 1/25 (4) 1/57 (2) 0.52
 Dialysis for acute renal injury or shock 3/25 (12) 1/58 (2) 0.08

Results are presented in n (%), median (minimum-maximum values) and mean ± standard deviation.