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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Trends Neurosci. 2021 Jan 22;44(5):406–418. doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2020.12.004

Figure 2: TBI-induced alterations in systemic and central immune function.

Figure 2:

During the early stages of TBI, alterations can emerge in the systemic innate and adaptive immune responses that can in turn alter TBI-induced microglia responses and subsequent neurodegenerative processes. In addition, TBI can induce late changes in systemic immune responses including altered bone-marrow-derived myeloid cell function, which may in turn alter chronic microglial responses and neurodegenerative processes. Abbreviations: Traumatic brain injury (TBI); Reactive oxygen species (ROS); C-C chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2).