Fig.1.

Schematic diagram of targeting tumor cell or TME only and their potential resistant mechanisms. Left: Targeting tumor cell only (such as chemotherapies) kills majority tumor cells. However, the residue tumor cells may survive with the help from TME, leading to tumor relapse. Right: Targeting TME can inhibit recruitment and activation of pro-tumor cells (stromal cells and immune cells) and enhance anti-tumor responses. However, the TME will be reconstituted by tumor cells via active recruitment and programming of bone marrow derived cells or local resident stromal/immune cells.