Fig. 3.

Mendelian randomization in bone field. Panel A: Principal of Mendelian randomization. Panel B: The causality between the clinical risk factors and osteoporosis from the current literature. Red boxes indicate the causal relationship. Black boxes indicate the noncausal relationship. Blue boxes indicate controversial results. BMD bone mineral density, CAD coronary artery disease, IBD inflammatory bowel disease, DBP vitamin D binding protein, PsA psoriatic arthritis, T1D type 1 diabetes, T2D type 2 diabetes, TSH thyroid stimulating hormone