Table 1.

Baseline characteristics

Characteristic	All (n=2,181)	Control (n=1,273)	Case (n=908)	p
Age (years)	65 ± 8	65 ± 8	66 ± 8	0.002
Male (%)	65	65	65	0.969
Diabetes (%)	3.7	1.6	6.5	<0.001
Smoking (%)	63.0	58.7	69.2	<0.001
LDL-C (mmol/L)	4.0 (3.4–4.8)	4.0 (3.3–4.7)	4.2 (3.6–4.9)	<0.001
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.3 (1.0–1.5)	1.3 (1.1–1.6)	1.2 (1.0–1.5)	<0.001
Triglycerides (mmol/L)	1.8 (1.3–2.5)	1.6 (1.2–2.3)	1.9 (1.4–2.7)	<0.001
TMAO (μM)	3.4 (2.3–5.7)	3.3 (2.2–5.2)	3.7 (2.5–6.4)	<0.001
Choline (μM)	9.0 (7.7–10.3)	8.9 (7.7–10.1)	9.1 (7.9–10.5)	0.001
Betaine (μM)	31.0 (25.3–37.2)	31.2 (25.6–37.2)	30.8 (25–37.3)	0.659

Expressed in mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range) Abbreviation: LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.