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. 2021 Apr 29;11:9344. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-88659-w

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The extrinsic incubation period of Plasmodium falciparum in four Anopheles mosquito species. (a) Kaplan–Meier curves representing the temporal dynamics of sporozoite appearance in small pieces of cotton used to collect saliva from individual mosquitoes in the three major African vectors An. arabiensis (red), An. gambiae (blue) and An. coluzzii (green). (b) Same as (a) but for An. stephensi. The numbers in brackets indicate the number of females for each species of mosquito that generated at least one positive cotton. African vectors were infected with the P. falciparum isolate C and An. stephensi with the NF54 laboratory culture.