Table 3.
Cross-sectional associations between Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (0.11 unit increase) and Non-Communicable Disease Prevalence Using Log-Linear Models using Multiple Imputationa to Evaluate Mediation by Body Mass Index among Participants from four Sites in Three sub-Saharan African Countries
| Total Population (N=1178) | Urban Population (N=978) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome | β (95% CI) | aPR (95% CI) | p | β (95% CI) | aPR (95% CI) | p |
| Diabetes | ||||||
| Full Adjustment | 0.80 (0.65, 0.98) | 0.030 | 0.80 (0.65, 0.97) | 0.026 | ||
| Full + BMIb | 0.87 (0.71, 1.06) | 0.17 | 0.86 (0.71, 1.06) | 0.16 | ||
| Hypertension | ||||||
| Full Adjustment | 0.95 (0.86, 1.05) | 0.32 | 0.95 (0.86, 1.04) | 0.27 | ||
| Full + BMIb | 0.98 (0.89, 1.09) | 0.75 | 0.98 (0.88, 1.08) | 0.64 | ||
| BMI: 20c | 0.87 (0.77, 0.98) | 0.025 | 0.87 (0.77, 0.99) | 0.029 | ||
| BMI: 25c | 0.93 (0.85, 1.01) | 0.10 | 0.93 (0.85, 1.01) | 0.088 | ||
| BMI: 30c | 0.99 (0.92, 1.07) | 0.83 | 0.99 (0.92, 1.06) | 0.71 | ||
| Cholesterol (continuous) | ||||||
| Full Adjustment | 0.04 (−0.07, 0.14) | 0.49 | ||||
| Full + BMIb | 0.02 (−0.08, 0.13) | 0.66 | ||||
| Cholesterol (binary) | ||||||
| Full Adjustment | 1.11 (0.92, 1.34) | 0.28 | ||||
| Full + BMIb | 1.09 (0.90, 1.32) | 0.37 | ||||
Abbreviations: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Body Mass Index (BMI), PR (prevalence ratio)
Imputation models were fit using multiple chained equations to impute missing data for BMI and the following covariates: age, sex, educational attainment, fuel source, marital status, NDVI, smoking status, site.
Multiple log-linear regression models were fit for the outcome, using the following covariates: age, sex, educational attainment, fuel source, marital status, smoking status, site, seeking health care in private sector, BMI
Multiple log-linear regression models were fit for prevalence of hypertension, using the following covariates: age, sex, educational attainment, fuel source, marital status, smoking status, site, seeking health care in private sector, interaction between BMI and NDVI (Phet = 0.019 for Total Population, Phet = 0.042 for Urban Population).