Table 2.

Paired comparisons (β ± standard error) of urinary neopterin levels by reproductive status in 36 female chimpanzees.

Reference Level	Cycling (0)	Cycling (1)	Cycling (2)	Pregnant	Lactating	Post-reproductive
Cycling (0)		0.118 ± 0.070†	0.276 ± 0.074***	0.227 ± 0.079**	0.074 ± 0.061	0.252 ± 0.070**
Cycling (1)	−0.118 ± 0.070†		0.159 ± 0.062*	0.109 ± 0.071	−0.044 ± 0.054	0.134 ± 0.062*
Cycling (2)	−0.276 ± 0.074***	−0.159 ± 0.062*		−0.050 ± 0.076	−0.203 ± 0.060***	−0.024 ± 0.068
Pregnant	−0.227 ± 0.079**	−0.109 ± 0.071	0.050 ± 0.076		−0.153 ± 0.065*	0.026 ± 0.073
Lactating	−0.074 ± 0.061	0.044 ± 0.054	0.203 ± 0.060***	0.153 ± 0.065*		0.178 ± 0.053**
Post-reproductive	−0.252 ± 0.070**	−0.134 ± 0.062*	0.024 ± 0.068	−0.026 ± 0.073	−0.178 ± 0.053**

Values were derived from a linear mixed model in which reproductive status was a categorical predictor; the model was run six times so that each reproductive status could serve as the reference level. Cycling females are distinguished by sexual swelling size: 0 = no swelling, 1 = partial swelling, and 2 = full swelling. Please note that urinary neopterin levels were Box–Cox transformed prior to analysis.

p-values: *** < 0.001, ** < 0.01, * < 0.05, † < 0.10.