TABLE 5.
Direct standardized effects of predictors on conspiracy beliefs and misinformation beliefs per country.
| Belgium |
Canada |
England |
Hong Kong |
|||||
| Conspiracy beliefs | Mis information beliefs | Conspiracy beliefs | Mis information beliefs | Conspiracy beliefs | Mis information beliefs | Conspiracy beliefs | Mis information beliefs | |
| Exposure to information | ||||||||
| Health experts | −0.16** | −0.03 | −0.18*** | −0.08* | −0.07* | −0.17*** | −0.12** | −0.09** |
| Political actors | −0.02 | 0.07 | −0.03 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.14*** | 0.10** | 0.43*** |
| Traditional media | −0.20*** | −0.12** | −0.11** | −0.01 | −0.03 | 0.01 | 0.03 | −0.11** |
| Digital media and personal contacts | 0.25*** | 0.19*** | 0.28*** | 0.21*** | 0.26*** | 0.26*** | 0.27*** | 0.15*** |
| Interaction trust/exposure | ||||||||
| Health experts | 0.15*** | 0.04 | 0.09* | −0.03 | 0.12*** | −0.01 | −0.08* | 0.00 |
| Political actors | 0.02 | −0.12** | 0.04 | 0.09** | −0.01 | 0.06 | 0.10** | −0.06 |
| Traditional media | −0.04 | −0.06 | 0.06* | −0.04 | 0.04 | −0.01 | −0.02 | 0.01 |
| Digital media and personal contacts | −0.05 | −0.01 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.03 | −0.04 | 0.12*** | 0.15*** |
| GAD | 0.04 | −0.12* | 0.05 | −0.01 | 0.09 | 0.04 | −0.15** | −0.23*** |
| PHQ | 0.12* | 0.16** | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.16** | 0.13* | 0.37*** | 0.41*** |
|
New Zealand |
Philippines |
Switzerland |
United States |
|||||
| Conspiracy beliefs | Mis information beliefs | Conspiracy beliefs | Mis information beliefs | Conspiracy beliefs | Mis information beliefs | Conspiracy beliefs | Mis information beliefs | |
| Exposure to information | ||||||||
| Health experts | −0.21*** | −0.10** | −0.06 | −0.10* | −0.05 | −0.07 | −0.18*** | −0.20*** |
| Political actors | 0.03 | 0.09* | 0.05* | 0.16*** | −0.06 | 0.08* | 0.07* | 0.25*** |
| Traditional media | −0.02 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.04 | −0.16** | −0.08* | −0.03 | 0.03 |
| Digital media and personal contacts | 0.31*** | 0.28*** | 0.09* | 0.09* | 0.33*** | 0.26*** | 0.32*** | 0.26*** |
| Interaction trust/exposure | ||||||||
| Health experts | 0.10* | 0.06 | −0.01 | −0.03 | 0.11** | 0.02 | 0.09* | −0.02 |
| Political actors | 0.13** | 0.02 | −0.06 | −0.08 | 0.08* | −0.04 | 0.08* | 0.03 |
| Traditional media | −0.09* | −0.07* | 0.03 | 0.13** | −0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.02 |
| Digital media and personal contacts | 0.09** | 0.07* | −0.03 | 0.09* | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.08* | 0.16*** |
| GAD | −0.04 | −0.05 | 0.11* | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.04 | −0.08 | −0.13* |
| PHQ | 0.24*** | 0.26*** | −0.01 | 0.00 | 0.13* | 0.11* | 0.21*** | 0.26*** |
*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. This analysis also includes sociodemographic indicators.