. 2021 Apr 16;8:649611. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2021.649611

Table 4.

Volatile compounds identified in Red-Veined Cheese by HS-SPME-GC-MS during the different ripening stages.

Compounds	Code	LRI	IM	Day 0	Day 1	Day 3	Day 5	Day 12	Day 19	Day 33	P
Ketones
Acetone	A1	856	MS, PI	147.67 ± 32.06^b	141.43 ± 4.69^b	144.32 ± 3.86^b	168.39 ± 16.80^ab	199.98 ± 34.49^ab	239.88 ± 2.11^a	198.69 ± 11.46^ab	^*
2,3-Butanedione	A2	957	MS, PI	93.31 ± 5.11^a	25.90 ± 1.40^b	11.94 ± 0.68^c	ND	ND	ND	ND	^***
2-Pentanone	A3	958	MS, PI	ND	ND	11.94 ± 0.68^b	57.41 ± 6.42^ab	74.96 ± 26.14^a	73.75 ± 1.82^a	66.16 ± 10.59^a	^*
2-Hexanone	A4	1,077	MS, PI	ND	ND	1.13 ± 0.17^b	2.68 ± 0.35^b	7.47 ± 0.77^b	21.84 ± 5.39^a	10.89 ± 0.03^b	^**
2-Heptanone	A5	1,202	MS, PI	6.37 ± 0.92^d	11.37 ± 2.75^d	22.68 ± 5.56^d	62.78 ± 15.79^d	309.78 ± 106.30^c	1,597.00 ± 107.93^a	873.30 ± 18.15^b	^***
2-Octanone	A6	1,292	MS, PI	ND	ND	ND	2.91 ± 0.71^d	34.34 ± 3.44^c	157.70 ± 5.93^a	50.01 ± 1.16^b	^***
Acetoin	A7	1,294	MS	71.83 ± 9.87^b	14.07 ± 4.83^c	22.71 ± 2.27^c	16.19 ± 4.29^c	26.79 ± 6.03^bc	170.05 ± 23.39^a	53.61 ± 13.91b^c	^***
2-Nonanone	A8	1,392	MS, PI	9.88 ± 0.79^d	14.29 ± 6.83^d	24.97 ± 1.94^d	46.11 ± 14.68^d	376.19 ± 90.41^c	2,031.11 ± 96.05^a	1,609.96 ± 25.86^b	^***
8-Nonen-2-one	A9	1,435	MS, PI	ND	ND	2.89 ± 0.41^b	7.29 ± 1.78^b	72.72 ± 14.97^b	296.08 ± 25.72^a	244.52 ± 27.30^a	^***
2-Undecanone	A10	1,583	MS, PI	ND	ND	0.27 ± 0.09^b	4.10 ± 0.77^b	16.99 ± 3.96^b	50.01 ± 0.48^a	63.92 ± 15.53^a	^**
2-Dodecanone	A11	1,591	MS	ND	ND	1.83 ± 0.81^b	5.84 ± 0.91^a	5.58 ± 0.96^a	4.44 ± 0.07^ab	ND	^*
2-Decanone	A12	1,794	MS	ND	ND	2.86 ± 0.96^c	2.75 ± 0.52^c	2.84 ± 0.36^c	17.80 ± 1.30^a	8.15 ± 0.58^b	^***
Alcohols
Ethanol	B1	922	MS, PI	805.41 ± 145.02^a	584.45 ± 184.41^ab	296.96 ± 24.63^bc	177.47 ± 10.94^c	165.93 ± 3.56^c	930.10 ± 40.75^a	207.65 ± 41.46^c	^***
1-Butanol	B2	1,171	MS, PI	1.16 ± 0.23	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND
2-Methyl-1-butanol	B3	1,233	MS	1.43 ± 0.55	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND
3-Methyl-1-butanol	B4	1,249	MS, PI	0.99 ± 0.44^d	1.82 ± 0.34^d	5.46 ± 2.18^d	63.52 ± 1.30^c	124.02 ± 20.93^b	111.75 ± 10.41^bc	251.17 ± 29.41^a	^***
1-Pentanol	B5	1,273	MS, PI	ND	ND	ND	1.71 ± 0.82^d	4.98 ± 0.50^c	13.70 ± 0.54^b	19.02 ± 0.96^a	^***
2-Heptanol	B6	1,337	MS	5.83 ± 0.80^c	3.94 ± 0.81^c	2.23 ± 1.62^c	2.66 ± 0.89^c	4.36 ± 0.57^c	42.57 ± 4.37^a	22.51 ± 0.13^b	^***
1-Hexanol	B7	1,364	MS, PI	13.71 ± 2.74^a	0.96 ± 0.01^c	1.10 ± 0.24^c	2.23 ± 0.05^bc	3.03 ± 1.05^bc	11.96 ± 1.52^a	6.51 ± 0.52^b	^***
2-Ethyl-1-hexanol	B8	1,488	MS, PI	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	7.49 ± 0.36
2-Decanol	B9	1,498	MS	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	3.71 ± 0.71^a	3.68 ± 0.05^a	NS
2-Nonanol	B10	1,518	MS, PI	8.27 ± 0.70^c	6.88 ± 0.48^c	3.71 ± 0.81^c	3.00 ± 0.93^c	4.78 ± 1.39^c	52.15 ± 4.52^b	64.76 ± 2.53^a	^***
1-Octanol	B11	1,553	MS	21.24 ± 1.15^b	21.23 ± 0.99^b	9.76 ± 2.22^c	8.21 ± 2.31^c	13.28 ± 0.20^c	36.05 ± 1.87^a	27.32 ± 0.88^b	^***
1-Nonanol	B12	1,651	MS	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	41.14 ± 12.96^a	44.73 ± 11.33^a	NS
Benzyl alcohol	B13	1,849	MS	ND	ND	3.52 ± 0.33^c	16.07 ± 4.67^bc	44.33 ± 6.62^b	424.18 ± 15.47^a	416.80 ± 9.56^a	^***
2-Phenylethanol	B14	1,885	MS, PI	ND	ND	58.94 ± 10.96^c	430.95 ± 152.24^c	1,212.42 ± 161.00^b	2,283.25 ± 130.19^a	1,891.03 ± 168.79^a	^***
Acids
Acetic acid	C1	1,437	MS, PI	369.74 ± 18.78^a	304.18 ± 68.50^ab	304.52 ± 44.76^ab	175.23 ± 16.77^bc	13.89 ± 4.11^d	134.79 ± 20.34^cd	160.46 ± 26.11^c	^***
Propanoic acid	C2	1,526	MS, PI	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	7.50 ± 0.93
Isobutyric acid	C3	1,555	MS, PI	ND	ND	ND	ND	13.15 ± 0.02^b	36.05 ± 1.87^a	36.81 ± 6.00^a	^*
Butanoic acid	C4	1,608	MS, PI	50.26 ± 5.48^b	43.77 ± 2.37^b	27.56 ± 5.52^b	26.31 ± 5.89^b	42.21 ± 0.26^b	109.66 ± 4.81^a	118.32 ± 18.04^a	^***
2-Methylbutanoic acid	C5	1,652	MS	ND	ND	ND	ND	48.25 ± 14.09	ND	ND
3-Methylbutanoic acid	C6	1,653	MS, PI	ND	ND	ND	4.83 ± 0.98^d	47.06 ± 13.29^c	527.40 ± 9.71^a	112.53 ± 3.19^b	^***
Hexanoic acid	C7	1,823	MS, PI	148.70 ± 13.29^b	144.58 ± 3.97^b	122.05 ± 27.81^bc	71.31 ± 0.16^bc	42.77 ± 3.23^c	246.78 ± 43.74^a	251.69 ± 2.74^a	^***
Heptanoic acid	C8	1,967	MS, PI	ND	ND	2.97 ± 0.02^c	2.75 ± 1.20^cd	0.18 ± 0.06^d	15.35 ± 0.91^a	5.79 ± 0.18^b	^***
Octanoic acid	C9	2,039	MS, PI	102.23 ± 3.34^c	120.11 ± 13.19^c	161.68 ± 36.92^c	189.54 ± 52.03^c	92.98 ± 14.99^c	628.32 ± 6.64^a	464.68 ± 68.40^b	^***
Nonanoic acid	C10	2,152	MS, PI	ND	ND	ND	ND	5.78 ± 1.17	ND	ND
Decanoic acid	C11	2,255	MS, PI	64.55 ± 10.35^bc	62.56 ± 11.73^c	111.05 ± 18.53^bc	131.39 ± 31.61^b	128.10 ± 16.84^bc	408.44 ± 13.85^a	395.83 ± 6.72^a	^***
9-Decenoic acid	C12	2,315	MS	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	27.36 ± 1.12^a	21.27 ± 0.02^b	^*
Dodecanoic acid	C13	2,466	MS	23.28 ± 8.82^b	31.76 ± 7.17^b	49.07 ± 26.99^b	52.83 ± 4.53^b	52.81 ± 7.54^b	139.24 ± 14.24^a	114.63 ± 7.90^a	^***
Tetradecanoic acid	C14	2,669	MS	4.39 ± 1.22^b	7.84 ± 0.96^b	55.02 ± 11.08^ab	91.60 ± 0.03^a	97.83 ± 52.12^a	64.63 ± 4.19^ab	84.44 ± 14.28^ab	^*
Hexadecanoic acid	C15	2,854	MS	ND	25.57 ± 1.56^d	174.11 ± 16.43^c	258.18 ± 29.80^b	416.25 ± 2.52^a	194.25 ± 0.89^c	218.26 ± 13.51^bc	^***
Esters
Ethyl acetate	D1	886	MS, PI	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	5.54 ± 1.20	ND
Ethyl butyrate	D2	1,032	MS, PI	56.34 ± 4.41^b	47.57 ± 4.90^b	13.34 ± 1.24^c	12.95 ± 2.94^c	8.47 ± 3.06^c	100.13 ± 11.78^a	40.22 ± 0.85^b	^***
Butyl acetate	D3	1,070	MS, PI	1.99 ± 1.36^a	1.47 ± 0.03^a	0.37 ± 0.06^a	ND	ND	2.48 ± 1.29^a	3.00 ± 0.01^a	NS
Butyl acrylate	D4	1,194	MS	0.84 ± 0.14	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND
Ethyl caproate	D5	1,253	MS, PI	103.81 ± 6.18^b	122.75 ± 1.18^b	77.97 ± 13.27^b	75.18 ± 17.79^b	72.88 ± 23.28^b	959.12 ± 327.49^a	333.54 ± 19.38^b	^**
Isopentyl butyrate	D6	1,270	MS	ND	ND	ND	ND	2.67 ± 0.33^b	26.67 ± 2.28^a	1.49 ± 0.01^b	^**
Propyl hexanoate	D7	1,321	MS, PI	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	4.70 ± 0.32
Ethyl heptanoate	D8	1,334	MS, PI	ND	ND	3.06 ± 0.45^b	3.13 ± 0.23^b	3.58 ± 1.67^b	42.52 ± 4.44^a	9.96 ± 0.76^b	^***
Ethyl octanoate	D9	1,438	MS, PI	23.66 ± 7.23^c	26.10 ± 11.89^c	69.46 ± 14.90^c	73.24 ± 28.04^c	87.81 ± 17.29^c	419.21 ± 32.28^a	264.43 ± 23.22^b	^***
Isopentyl hexanoate	D10	1,451	MS, PI	ND	ND	0.68 ± 0.15^d	9.16 ± 2.05^c	9.98 ± 0.37^c	34.90 ± 1.97^a	22.62 ± 0.98^b	^***
Ethyl nonanoate	D11	1,524	MS	ND	ND	2.20 ± 1.11^c	2.91 ± 0.33^bc	7.09 ± 0.42^b	15.69 ± 1.65^a	12.14 ± 1.10^a	^***
Ethyl caprate	D12	1,624	MS, PI	7.91 ± 1.24^d	14.33 ± 1.47^d	41.63 ± 8.56^cd	53.41 ± 25.12^cd	75.99 ± 12.39^c	209.13 ± 9.60^a	133.61 ± 3.58^b	^***
Ethyl laurate	D13	1,832	MS	ND	ND	7.43 ± 1.30^c	10.02 ± 3.91^bc	17.42 ± 0.79^b	38.38 ± 1.12^a	31.71 ± 1.34^a	^***
Aldehydes
3-Methylbutanal	E1	906	MS, PI	ND	ND	0.29 ± 0.03^b	1.49 ± 0.09^a	ND	ND	ND	^**
Hexanal	E2	1,077	MS	3.10 ± 0.66	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND
Nonanal	E3	1,396	MS, PI	8.01 ± 2.42^bc	4.76 ± 2.54^c	4.08 ± 1.11^c	3.13 ± 0.23^c	18.98 ± 0.10^ab	31.05 ± 6.24^a	31.60 ± 5.46^a	^***
Benzaldehyde	E4	1,501	MS, PI	ND	ND	2.41 ± 1.07^c	41.46 ± 5.86^b	68.19 ± 15.95^ab	89.27 ± 2.48^a	64.99 ± 1.48^ab	^**
Benzeneacetaldehyde	E5	1,613	MS	ND	1.02 ± 0.17^b	18.30 ± 7.57^b	20.47 ± 6.02^b	60.59 ± 11.87^a	17.60 ± 3.72^b	22.67 ± 6.46^b	^**
Total				11.11 ± 1.76^c	5.78 ± 2.37^c	25.09 ± 5.36^bc	66.56 ± 11.56^b	147.76 ± 27.92^a	137.92 ± 5.00^a	119.27 ± 10.44^a	^***
Lactones
Butyrolactone	F1	1,600	MS	ND	ND	ND	1.59 ± 0.30^b	1.50 ± 0.11^b	7.52 ± 1.43^a	2.47 ± 0.05^b	^**
δ-Octalactone	F2	1,944	MS	2.73 ± 0.03^a	2.54 ± 0.31^a	3.00 ± 0.17^a	2.69 ± 0.78^a	2.64 ± 0.49^a	5.32 ± 1.67^a	3.06 ± 0.18^a	NS
δ-Decanolactone	F3	2,171	MS	7.59 ± 1.08^d	23.09 ± 0.60^bc	17.59 ± 2.85^c	14.36 ± 5.51^cd	16.77 ± 0.75^cd	34.93 ± 1.50^a	31.37 ± 1.24^ab	^***
Phenols
Phenol	G1	1,972	MS	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	1.25 ± 0.26	ND

HS-SPME-GC-MS data are expressed as arbitrary units (×10⁵) of average peak area ± standard deviations for each compound. Different superscript lowercase letters in the same row denote statistical difference (p < 0.05) between samples according to the Tukey test. LRI: linear retention index using a DB-WAX column; IM, identification method; P, probability value. NS, no significant;

P < 0.05;

^**

P < 0.01;

^***

P < 0.001; MS, mass spectra comparison using NIST library; PI, comparison with published LRI; ND, not detected.