Table 2.
Associations between Problematic Smartphone Use (PSPU) and Problematic Social Media Use (PSMU) with all variables examined (N = 5,511).
| Variables | PSPU | PSMU | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | (SD) | t/F | p-value | Mean | (SD) | t/F | p-value | |
| SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHICS | ||||||||
| Age | 1.92 | 0.002 | 3.09 | <0.001 | ||||
| Gender | ||||||||
| Male | 20.2 | (7.0) | 7.38 | <0.001 | 14.6 | (4.9) | 4.00 | <0.001 |
| Female | 21.8 | (6.4) | 14.8 | (4.8) | ||||
| Educational level | ||||||||
| College | 20.8 | (6.9) | 2.14 | <0.001 | 15.2 | (5.1) | 3.61 | <0.001 |
| University | 20.9 | (6.8) | 14.5 | (4.8) | ||||
| Relationship status | ||||||||
| Unmarried | 20.8 | (6.8) | 1.04 | 0.413 | 14.6 | (4.8) | 1.76 | 0.012 |
| Married | 20.8 | (6.8) | 15.3 | (5.1) | ||||
| Family type | ||||||||
| Nuclear | 21.2 | (6.6) | 14.25 | <0.001 | 14.7 | (4.8) | 7.20 | <0.001 |
| Joint | 19.5 | (7.3) | 14.4 | (4.9) | ||||
| Socioeconomic status (SES) | ||||||||
| Lower | 21.1 | (6.2) | 3.87 | <0.001 | 15.2 | (4.9) | 4.42 | <0.001 |
| Middle | 19.8 | (7.2) | 14.3 | (4.8) | ||||
| Upper | 21.9 | (6.5) | 14.8 | (4.8) | ||||
| Residence | ||||||||
| Rural | 19.9 | (7.1) | 9.40 | <0.001 | 14.4 | (4.9) | 6.98 | <0.001 |
| Urban | 21.8 | (6.3) | 15.0 | (4.8) | ||||
| LIFESTYLE FACTORS | ||||||||
| Physical exercise | ||||||||
| Yes | 19.5 | (7.0) | 14.31 | <0.001 | 14.3 | (4.9) | 6.21 | <0.001 |
| No | 22.7 | (6.0) | 15.2 | (4.7) | ||||
| Sleeping hours | ||||||||
| Less than normal | 21.5 | (6.7) | 2.41 | <0.001 | 15.3 | (4.9) | 2.23 | 0.001 |
| Normal (7–9 h) | 20.4 | (6.8) | 14.4 | (4.8) | ||||
| More than normal | 22.0 | (7.0) | 15.3 | (5.1) | ||||
| Smoking habits | ||||||||
| Yes | 21.5 | (6.7) | 2.13 | <0.001 | 15.2 | (4.8) | 2.10 | 0.001 |
| No | 20.8 | (6.8) | 14.6 | (4.9) | ||||
| Alcohol consumption | ||||||||
| Yes | 20.0 | (7.3) | 3.51 | <0.001 | 15.6 | (4.8) | 3.33 | <0.001 |
| No | 20.9 | (6.8) | 14.6 | (4.8) | ||||
| HOME QUARANTINE REGULAR/FREQUENT ACTIVITIES | ||||||||
| Academic/other studies | ||||||||
| Yes | 20.0 | (6.9) | 10.72 | <0.001 | 14.4 | (4.8) | 5.08 | <0.001 |
| No | 23.2 | (6.1) | 15.5 | (4.8) | ||||
| Social media use | ||||||||
| Yes | 21.3 | (6.6) | 33.13 | <0.001 | 14.9 | (4.8) | 15.81 | <0.001 |
| No | 15.8 | (6.6) | 12.5 | (4.4) | ||||
| Watching television | ||||||||
| Yes | 21.1 | (6.8) | 2.78 | <0.001 | 14.7 | (4.8) | 2.57 | <0.001 |
| No | 19.5 | (7.0) | 14.2 | (4.9) | ||||
| Household chores | ||||||||
| Yes | 20.5 | (6.9) | 6.65 | <0.001 | 14.6 | (4.8) | 5.35 | <0.001 |
| No | 22.0 | (6.4) | 15.0 | (4.9) | ||||
| Earning activities | ||||||||
| Yes | 18.0 | (7.5) | 27.01 | <0.001 | 14.0 | (5.1) | 9.79 | <0.001 |
| No | 21.9 | (6.2) | 14.9 | (4.7) | ||||
| PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING | ||||||||
| Anxiety | ||||||||
| No | 19.4 | (6.6) | 27.96 | <0.001 | 13.5 | (4.4) | 47.82 | <0.001 |
| Yes | 24.7 | (5.7) | 17.8 | (4.5) | ||||
| Depression | ||||||||
| No | 18.5 | (6.5) | 48.73 | <0.001 | 12.9 | (4.2) | 69.69 | <0.001 |
| Yes | 24.6 | (5.5) | 17.5 | (4.4) | ||||