Table 3.

Hierarchical regression analysis predicting Problematic Smartphone Use (PSPU).

Model	Model 1				Model 2				Model 3				Model 4
	B	SE	β	t	B	SE	β	t	B	SE	β	t	B	SE	β	t	ΔR2	${\text{R}}_{\text{Adj}}^2$
Block 1—Socio-demographics [F(6, 5, 504) = 33.74; p < 0.001]																	0.04	0.04
Age	−0.21	0.06	−0.05	−3.70*	−0.20	0.06	−0.05	−3.60*	−0.10	0.05	−0.03	−1.80	−0.10	0.05	−0.03	−2.03
Gendera	1.12	0.19	0.08	5.87*	1.03	0.19	0.08	5.36*	0.83	0.19	0.06	4.42*	0.49	0.17	0.04	2.83
Educational levelb	0.43	0.23	0.03	1.83	0.33	0.23	0.02	1.45	−0.02	0.22	0.00	−0.11	0.34	0.20	0.02	1.70
Family typec	−1.33	0.22	−0.08	−5.98*	−1.16	0.22	−0.07	−5.34*	−0.51	0.21	−0.03	−2.45	−0.51	0.19	−0.03	−2.68
Socioeconomic status (SES)d	0.11	0.13	0.01	0.84	0.16	0.13	0.02	1.29	0.07	0.12	0.01	0.57	0.19	0.11	0.02	1.69
Residencee	1.39	0.20	0.10	7.00*	1.11	0.19	0.08	5.73*	0.69	0.19	0.05	3.68*	0.34	0.17	0.03	2.00
Block 2—Lifestyle factors [F(10, 5, 500) = 50.21; p < 0.001]																	0.06	0.08
Physical exercisef					2.91	0.18	0.21	16.10*	1.84	0.18	0.13	9.99*	1.49	0.17	0.11	8.80*
Sleeping hoursg					−0.21	0.16	−0.02	−1.32	−0.33	0.15	−0.03	−2.20	−0.38	0.14	−0.03	−2.69
Smoking habitsf					−1.44	0.31	−0.07	−4.64*	−0.74	0.30	−0.03	−2.49	−0.13	0.27	−0.01	−0.48
Alcohol consumptionf					0.91	0.53	0.02	1.71	0.58	0.51	0.02	1.14	0.37	0.47	0.01	0.79
Block 3—Home quarantine regular/frequent activities [F(15, 5, 495) = 72.62; p < 0.001]																	0.14	0.16
Studyf									2.08	0.20	0.14	10.40*	1.21	0.19	0.08	6.51*
Social media usef									−4.13	0.32	−0.17	−12.91*	−3.55	0.29	−0.14	−12.10*
Watching televisionf									−1.32	0.25	−0.07	−5.37*	−1.43	0.23	−0.07	−6.37*
Household choresf									0.45	0.21	0.03	2.12	0.21	0.20	0.01	1.06
Earning activitiesf									2.42	0.21	0.16	11.83*	2.16	0.19	0.14	11.53*
Block 4—Psychological well-being [F(17, 5, 493) = 139.12; p < 0.001]																	0.12	0.30
Anxietyh													1.65	0.22	0.11	7.49*
Depressionh													4.30	0.20	0.31	21.03*

B, unstandardized regression coefficient; SE, standard error; β, standardized regression coefficient.

^a1 = Male, 2 = Female.

^b1 = College, 2 = University.

^c1 = Nuclear, 2 = Joint.

^d1 = Lower, 2 = Middle, 3 = Upper.

^e1 = Rural, 2 = Urban.

^f1 = Yes, 2 = No.

^g1 = <7 h, 2 = 7–9 h, 3 = >9 h.

^h1 = Negative, 2 = Positive.

^*p < 0.001.