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. 2021 Apr 16;12:607635. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.607635

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Copyright © 2021 Bai, Xu, Hang, Kuang, Ying, Zhou, Ni, Wang and Xue.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Enhanced osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs due to GA was partially attenuated by the addition of Wnt/catenin signaling inhibitor. (A) Inhibition of the Wnt/catenin signaling pathway partially attenuated the increases in RUNX2 and COL1A1 protein expression levels after addition of XAV-939 for 3 days. The protein expression levels were normalized relative to that of GAPDH protein. (B–D) Relative quantitative analysis of the western blotting results for active β-catenin, RUNX2 and COL1A1 protein. (E) Immunofluorescence staining after 3 days of osteogenesis. Scale bars, 100 μm. (F) ALP staining revealed decreased ALP activity in the GA/XAV-939 group compared to the GA group. Scale bar, 500 μm. Data are expressed as means ± SD. *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 between the two groups.