Table 1.

Challenges, guiding principles, and tools and techniques in implementing user-centered design.

Strategy	Guiding principles	Primary tools and techniques
Developing a proper understanding of a diverse set of groups of users' practices and needs	Participatory design (PD) literature suggests genuine user participation (56) and getting firsthand experience with current work practices (57). Computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW) literature recommends, e.g., aligning concerns, focus on needs for awareness (10, 52), and being cautious expecting one group to deliver valuable data without getting valuable feedback (58)	Ethnographically inspired fieldwork: interviews, observations, workshops, thinking aloud, and so on
Codesign of innovative and sustainable solutions	PD literature recommend concurrent design of coherent visions for change (information technology systems, work organization, and mapping out the qualifications needed) and that special attention is given to anchoring visions with users, managers, and those responsible for the technical and organizational implementation (56)	Iterations of workshops, scenarios, and prototyping
Technical and organizational implementation	Respect or challenge existing technical and organizational infrastructures—and be prepared to take the consequences (56)	Move secure prototypes to a living laboratory (53) setting for further design, development, and test before rollout