Table 1.
Clinical characteristics (categorical).
| PNES (n = 8) | GGE (n = 7) | HS (n = 13) | AIE (n = 13) | Significance | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | χ2 | ||
| Sex | Female | 6 | 75 | 3 | 42.9 | 6 | 46.2 | 4 | 36.4 | n.s. |
| Male | 2 | 25 | 4 | 57.1 | 7 | 53.8 | 7 | 63.6 | ||
| Seizure types | PNES | 8 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | p < 0.0001 |
| GAS | 0 | 0 | 1 | 14.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| GMS | 0 | 0 | 1 | 14.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| GTCS | 0 | 0 | 7 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| FS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 38.5 | 8 | 61.5 | ||
| FTBTCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 61.5 | 5 | 38.5 | ||
| Cognition | Intact | 4 | 50 | 5 | 71.4 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 15.3 | p = 0.002 |
| Altered | 4 | 50 | 2 | 28.5 | 13 | 100 | 11 | 84.6 | ||
| Emotion | Intact | 2 | 25 | 3 | 42.9 | 3 | 23.1 | 5 | 38.5 | n.s. |
| Altered | 6 | 75 | 4 | 57.1 | 10 | 76.9 | 8 | 61.5 | ||
| BCB | Intact | 8 | 100 | 5 | 71.40 | 12 | 92.3 | 8 | 61.5 | n.s. |
| Altered | 0 | 0 | 2 | 28.60 | 1 | 7.7 | 5 | 38.5 | ||
| OCB | Type I (none) | 4 | 57.10 | 5 | 71.40 | 8 | 61.5 | 5 | 38.5 | n.s. |
| Type II | 1 | 14.30 | 1 | 14.30 | 2 | 15.4 | 4 | 30.8 | ||
| Type III | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 7.7 | ||
| Type IV | 2 | 28.60 | 1 | 14.30 | 3 | 23.1 | 3 | 23.1 | ||
| Antibodies | LGI-1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 46.2 | p < 0.0001 |
| CASPR2 | 4 | 30.8 | ||||||||
| NMDAR | 1 | 7.7 | ||||||||
| GAD | 1 | 7.7 | ||||||||
| Zic | 1 | 7.7 | ||||||||
| GFAP (pg/ml) | 5,660 | 3,470 | 5,720 | 3,112 | 7,000 | 5,552 | 5,880 | 8,424 | n.s. | |
AIE, autoimmune encephalitis; BCB, blood–CSF barrier; FS, focal seizures (aware and not aware); FTBTCS, focal to bilateral tonic clonic seizures; GGE, genetic generalized epilepsy; GAS, generalized absence seizures; GMS, generalized myoclonic seizures; GTCS, generalized tonic clonic seizures, HS, hippocampal sclerosis; OCB, oligoclonal bands; OCB type II, OCBs in CSF only; OCB type III, identical OCBs in CSF and serum with additional IgG OCB in CSF; OCB type IV, identical OCB in CSF and serum; PNES, psychogenic, non-epileptic seizures; χ2, chi-square test.