Table 5.
GMSC-based regenerative therapy in oral & craniofacial disorders.
| Cell Type | Scaffolds/other factors | Dose | Model | Refs | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GMSC-CM | Collagen scaffolds (Bio-Gide) Ultra-15 10 kD, 100-fold CM |
2 mm × 3 mm | Periodontal defects | Rats | Qiu et al. (101) |
| GMSC-Exo | Exosomes, TNFa-preconditioned | 20µg/mice | Periodontitis bone loss | Mice | Nakao et al. (98) |
| GMSC | i.v. injection | 1×106/mice | Periodontitis bone loss | (ApoE-/-) mice | Liu et al. (102) |
| GMSC | i.v. injection | 1×106/mice | Periodontitis | Mice | Sun et al. (103) |
| GMSC | i.v. injection | Class III furcation defects | Dog | Yu et al. (104) | |
| GMSC | IL-1Ra-hyaluronic acid synthetic extracellular matrix (HA-sECM) | 250 μl GMSCs/HA‐sECM (5×106 cells) | Periodontal defects | minipig | Fawzy El-Sayed et al. (105) |
| GMSC | β-TCP scaffold and covered by a collagen membrane | 2 × 105 to 8 × 106 cells/cm3 | Periodontal defects | Human | Abdal-Wahab et al. (106) |
| GMSC | alginate-based adhesive, photocrosslinkable hydrogel (AdhHG) | 4 × 106/construct | Peri-implantitis model | Rat | Hasani-Sadrabadi et al. (107) |
| GMSC | IV injection | 1 × 106/mice | Mandibular bone | Mice | Xu et al. (108) |
| GMSC | Type I collagen | Mandibular defect Calvarial defect |
Rat | Wang et al. (25) | |
| GMSCs | Hydrogel scaffold PuraMatrix™ (PM)/BMP2 | 1 × 106/rat | Maxillary alveolar defect | Nude rats | Kandalam et al. (109) |
| GMSCs | Bio-Oss®/SB431542 | 2 × 106/pig | Maxillary bone defects | minipigs | Shi et al. (110) |
| GMSC-EV | Poly(lactide) (3D-PLA) 3D printing |
2 × 103/scaffold 0.5µg EV/µl |
Calvarial defect | Rat | Pizzicannella et al. (111) |
| GMSC-EV | (3D) engineered scaffolds (PLA) | 2 × 106/scaffold | Calvarial defect | Rat | Diomede et al. (112) |
| GMSC-CM | a poly-(lactide) (3D-PLA) scaffold enriched with GMSCs and GMSCs derived CM | 2 × 106/scaffold EVs? |
Calvarial defect | Rat | Diomede et al. (113) |
| GMSC-EVs | 40µg/mice | Palatal wound | Mice | Kou et al. (97) | |
| Fetal GMSCs | 2 × 106 cells/rat | gingival defects | Rat | Li et al. (114) | |
| GMSCs | 3D spheroids 2D GMSC i.v. injection |
1× 106/mice 2× 106/mice |
Chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis | Mice | Zhang et al. (115) |
| GMSC | SIS-ECM, 5 × 4 mm | 3.5 × 105 cells/cm2 | Tongue defects | Rat | Xu et al. (116) |
| GMSC/EVs | SIS-ECM, 5 × 4 mm | 3.5 × 105 cells/cm2 | Tongue defects | Rat | Zhang et al. (117) |
| GMSC | Fibrin glue | 1 × 105 cells/rat | Partially dissected submandibular salivary glands | Rat | Abd El-Latif et al. (118) |
| GMSC-NC | AxoGuard nerve conduits | 0.5×106 cells/rat | Facial nerve | Rat | Zhang et al. (119) |
| GMSC | 3D spheroid, 3D bioprinting | Facial nerve | Rat | Zhang et al. (120) |