Table 9.

Approaches for optimizing property and function of GMSCs.

Approach	Methods	Other factors	Optimized property & function		Refs
			In vitro	In vivo
3D spheroids	Ultra-low Culture dish	Mesensphere	Stemness Adipogenic Secretome	Oral mucositis Mice	Zhang et al. (115)
	Ultra-low culture dish	Mesensphere	Stemness Trilineage and neural differentiation		Subbarayan et al. (152)
	Chitosan membrane	Spheroids	Stemness Trilineage/neural Neural differentiation		Hsu et al. (48)
	Chitosan	Spheroids	Stemness Neural Crest Chondrogenic		Hsu et al. (49)
	Microwell	Spheroids	Osteogenic		Lee et al. (153)
	Microwell	Lovastatin	Proliferation Osteogenic		Kim et al. (154)
	Microwell	FGF-4	Osteogenic		Son et al. (155)
	Ultra-low Microwell	Mesensphere Spheroids	Stemness Osteogenic Cytokine secretion		Shanbhag et al. (156)
	Floating	Neurosphere	Neural crest		Fournier et al. (43)
	Poly-L-ornithine	Defined serum-free medium	Neural crest	Rat facial nerve defect	Zhang et al. (119)
Hypoxia			Immunomodulation	Mice skin wound	Jiang et al. (60)
			Gene expression associated with neuronal development		Gugliandolo et al. (157)
Cytokines & growth factors	TNF-α		M2 macrophage	Skin wound healing Periodontitis	Nakao et al. (98)
	IL-1β		Secretomes Cell migration Anti-inflammation	Skin wound healing Epidermal substitute Engraftment	Magne et al. (95)
	FGF2	Genetic overexpression	Angiogenic factors Tube formation	In vivo angiogenesis NOD/SCID mice	Jin et al. (158)
	Sema3A	Genetic overexpression	Proliferation Osteogenic		Tian et al. (159)
Small molecules	Acetylsalicylic acid		Immunomodulation	Colitis	Yu et al. (59)
	Trichostatin A (TSA)		Anti-inflammatory Osteogenic	Rat periodontitis	Li et al. (160)
	SB431542		Osteogenic	Jawbone, minipig	Shi et al. (110)
	Cocktails		Neurogenic		Heng et al. (161)
	Ascorbic acid (AA)		Stemness Proliferation		Van Pham et al. (162)
	Ascorbic acid (AA)		Stemness Proliferation Differentiation		Fawzy El-Sayed et al. (163)
	Ascorbic acid (AA)		Osteogenic		Diomede et al. (164)
	Ascorbic acid (AA)		Osteogenic		Pizzicannella et al. (165)