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. 2021 Apr 16;12:640297. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.640297

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Copyright © 2021 Zhang, Jiang, Wang, Lin, Zhang, Zhang, Zhu, Ng, Qu, Sze and Yung.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Pre-treatment with AGNHW enhanced activation of GSK-3β/HO-1 pathway. Western blot analysis (A) and the normalized protein levels (B) of the indicated protein markers of the GSK-3β/HO-1 pathway in the infarct area of the ischemic cortex in MCAO rats with or without AGNHW pre-treatment. AGNHW pre-treatment significantly increased the ratio of p-GSK-3β(Ser9)/GSK-3β and the expression of HO-1 in the infarct area of MACAO rats. Full length blots are shown in Supplementary Figure S1. N = 4 rats per group. Data are means ± S.D. ^## p < 0.01, compared with sham group; **p < 0.01, compared with vehicle group; ^b P<0.05, compared with AGNHW-M group.