Table 4. Health outcomes and related costs attributable to household crowding, cold, and damp or mould, New Zealand, 2010–2017.
| Housing condition by primary diagnosis | Age group, years | Population attributable fraction, % | Estimated no. of patients (uncertainty range) | Estimated no. of attributable hospitalizations (uncertainty range) | Estimated hospitalization costs, NZ$ (uncertainty range) | Estimated length of stay, no. of nights (uncertainty range) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Household crowding | ||||||
| Gastroenteritis | 0–5 | 1.9 | 63 (5–124) | 66 (5–129) | 148 041 (11 591–290 561) | 90 (7–177) |
| Meningococcal disease | 0–16 | 0.6 | 0.2 (0.1–0.4) | 0.2 (0.1–0.4) | 2 899 (1 743–5 192) | 2 (1–3) |
| Pneumonia or lower respiratory tract infection | 0–5 | 5.5 | 156 (0–515) | 169 (0–555) | 595 174 (0–1 958 065) | 372 (0–1 223) |
| Rheumatic fever (acute) | ≥ 0 | 0.7 | 1 (1–1) | 1 (1–1) | 15 223 (10 895–17 551) | 17 (12–20) |
| Rheumatic fever (chronic heart disease) | ≥ 0 | 0.7 | 3 (2–4) | 4 (3–4) | 95 465 (68 327–110 064) | 38 (27–44) |
| Tuberculosis | ≥ 15 | 0.5 | 1 (0–1) | 1 (0–1) | 11 066 (4 440–17 825) | 13 (5–21) |
| Upper respiratory tract infection | 0–18 | 4.6 | 274 (0–1076) | 286 (0–1123) | 542 207 (0–2 132 716) | 274 (0–1 076) |
| Influenza | ≥ 0 | 1.7 | 28 (18–37) | 28 (18–38) | 136 847 (89 079–185 830) | 108 (70–147) |
| Total | NA | NA | 499 (9–1 722) | 526 (9–1 814) | 1 410 075 (96 996–4 531 974) | 806 (53–2 565) |
| Cold housing | ||||||
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease symptoms | NA | 0.7 | 48 (0–132) | 69 (0–190) | 546 058 (0–1 500 901) | 594 (0–1 632) |
| Wheeze | NA | 13.8 | 260 (149–473) | 295 (169–536) | 505 037 (289 176–918 127) | 243 (139–441) |
| Winter colds or influenza | NA | 15.3 | 260 (158–387) | 261 (159–389) | 1 262 283 (770 787–1 882 763) | 997 (609–1488) |
| Total | NA | NA | 568 (307–992) | 625 (328–1 115) | 2 313 378 (1 059 964–4 301 792) | 1 834 (748–3 561) |
| Damp or mouldy housing | ||||||
| Asthma, current | NA | 15.1 | 900 (487–1 340) | 1095 (593–1 632) | 2 726 778 (1 475 772–4 062 618) | 1 967 (1 064–2 930) |
| Bronchitis | NA | 12.5 | 141 (98–188) | 143 (99–190) | 653 636 (453 165–868 116) | 653 (453–867) |
| Cough | NA | 17.6 | 93 (68–120) | 96 (69–123) | 268 726 (194 373–344 577) | 137 (99–176) |
| Other respiratory infection | NA | 12.3 | 174 (120–236) | 177 (122–240) | 1 746 705 (1 199 725–2 365 983) | 1 582 (1 087–2 143) |
| Bronchiectasis | NA | 12.3 | 97 (67–131) | 138 (95–187) | 836 869 (574 804–1 133 573) | 957 (658–1 297) |
| Bronchiolitis | NA | 12.3 | 424 (292–575) | 541 (372–733) | 2 149 708 (1 476 528–2 911 866) | 1 166 (801–1579) |
| Pneumonia or lower respiratory tract infection | NA | 12.3 | 2 316 (1 591–3 138) | 2 486 (1 707–3 367) | 23 736 929 (16 303 723–32 152 633) | 28 253 (19 406–38 270) |
| Upper respiratory tract infection | NA | 12.3 | 1 261 (866–1 709) | 1 308 (898–1 771) | 3 216 949 (2 209 563–4 357 488) | 1 692 (1 162–2 292) |
| Wheeze | NA | 13.7 | 259 (191–335) | 293 (217–380) | 502 503 (371 471–651 439) | 242 (179–313) |
| Total | NA | NA | 5 666 (3 779–7 771) | 6 276 (4 171–8 622) | 35 838 804 (24 259 125–48 848 294) | 36 649 (24 908–49 868) |
NA: not applicable; NZ$: New Zealand dollars.
Notes: Costs in NZ$ were estimated using 2017–2018 prices. The exchange rate during this time period was NZ$ 1 to United States $ 0.7148.