Table 2. All-Cause Mortality Associated With Systolic Blood Pressure Variability Measures^a.

Quintile	Hazard ratio (95% CI)
	Variability independent of the mean		Average real variability		Coefficient of variation		Standard deviation
	Crude	Adjusted	Crude	Adjusted	Crude	Adjusted	Crude	Adjusted
1	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]
2	0.97 (0.88-1.06)	0.97 (0.88-1.06)	1.04 (0.95-1.14)	0.99 (0.90-1.08)	0.95 (0.87-1.04)	0.95 (0.87-1.04)	0.95 (0.87-1.04)	0.93 (0.85-1.02)
3	1.01 (0.92-1.10)	0.96 (0.88-1.05)	1.06 (0.97-1.16)	0.95 (0.87-1.04)	1.03 (0.94-1.12)	0.98 (0.90-1.07)	1.04 (0.95-1.14)	0.97 (0.89-1.06)
4	1.08 (0.99-1.18)	1.04 (0.96-1.14)	1.22 (1.12-1.34)	1.05 (0.95-1.14)	1.08 (0.99-1.18)	1.02 (0.93-1.11)	1.13 (1.03-1.23)	1.02 (0.94-1.12)
5	1.18 (1.08-1.29)	1.15 (1.05-1.25)	1.53 (1.40-1.67)	1.18 (1.08-1.30)	1.26 (1.15-1.37)	1.15 (1.06-1.26)	1.36 (1.25-1.48)	1.14 (1.04-1.24)

^aResults of Cox proportional hazards regression analysis (hazard ratios and 95% CIs) for all-cause mortality comparing higher systolic blood pressure variability measures in quintiles, with the lowest quintile as a reference. Higher quintiles were associated with higher mortality. This association continued to be significant after adjustment. Covariates included in all adjusted models were age, sex, race/ethnicity, study site, treatment assignment group, body mass index, mean blood pressure, history of diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, history of prior myocardial infarction, prior coronary artery bypass graft surgery or percutaneous coronary revascularization, heart failure, left ventricular hypertrophy, peripheral arterial disease, prior transient ischemic attack or stroke, and history of renal insufficiency.