Table 1. Demographic and Health Characteristics of the Sample.
| Characteristic | Participants, No. (%) (N = 154) |
|---|---|
| Age group, y | |
| 70-79 | 85 (55.2) |
| 80-89 | 66 (42.9) |
| 90-99 | 3 (1.9) |
| Sex | |
| Women | 69 (44.8) |
| Men | 85 (55.2) |
| Race/ethnicity | |
| Black | 28 (18.2) |
| White | 126 (81.8) |
| Educational level | |
| Less than high school graduate | 6 (3.9) |
| High school graduate | 76 (49.4) |
| College graduate | 61 (39.6) |
| Professional or graduate school | 11 (7.1) |
| MMSE score | |
| ≥24 (Not impaired) | 152 (98.7) |
| <24 (Impaired) | 2 (1.3) |
| Medical conditions, No. | |
| 0-1 | 20 (13.0) |
| 2-3 | 44 (28.6) |
| 4-5 | 60 (39.0) |
| ≥6 | 30 (19.5) |
| CES-D score | |
| ≤16 (Not depressed) | 151 (98.1) |
| >16 (Depressed) | 3 (1.9) |
| Eye diagnoses (1 or both eyes), No./total No. (%)a | |
| Age-related macular degeneration | 28/151 (18.5) |
| Cataract | 63/151 (41.7) |
| Diabetic retinopathy or macular edema | 10/151 (6.6) |
| Primary open-angle glaucoma | 43/151 (28.5) |
| Pseudophakia | 93/151 (61.6) |
| Otherb | 68/151 (45.0) |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 79.3 (5.1) |
| Educational level, mean (SD), y | 14.9 (2.8) |
| MMSE, mean (SD), total score | 27.7 (1.8) |
| CES-D, mean (SD), total score | 3.8 (4.2) |
Abbreviations: CES-D, Center for Epidemiological Studies–Depression; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination.
a
Participants could have more than 1 diagnosis. Medical records could not be located for 3 participants.
b
Examples of other conditions include dry eye disease, hypertensive retinopathy, Fuchs dystrophy, lattice degeneration, macular cyst hole, macular pucker, ocular prosthesis, and retinal tear.