Table 1. Stratified Comparisons of Demographic Characteristics, Complications, and Outcomes Among Subcohorts of Patients Undergoing Vestibular Schwannoma Resection.
| Characteristic | No. (%)a,b | P value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total cohortc | Robust | Prefrail | Frail | Severely frail | ||
| Total reported | 27 313 (100) | 15 090 (55.2) | 8204 (30.0) | 3022 (11.1) | 996 (3.6) | NA |
| Age, mean (SEM), y | 50.4 (0.2) | 46.5 (0.3) | 53.3 (0.3) | 58.0 (0.4) | 61.2 (0.8) | <.001d |
| 18-29 | 2175 (8.0) | 1659 (11.0) | 443 (5.4) | 59 (1.9) | 14 (1.5) | |
| 30-39 | 3582 (13.1) | 2726 (18.1) | 737 (9.0) | 99 (3.3) | 20 (2.0) | |
| 40-49 | 6428 (23.5) | 4205 (27.9) | 1646 (20.1) | 469 (15.5) | 108 (10.9) | |
| 50-59 | 8259 (30.2) | 4279 (28.4) | 2681 (32.7) | 1039 (34.4) | 259 (26.0) | |
| 60-69 | 4972 (18.2) | 1770 (11.7) | 1958 (23.9) | 905 (29.9) | 339 (34.1) | |
| 70-79 | 1650 (6.0) | 410 (2.7) | 656 (8.0) | 373 (12.4) | 211 (21.1) | |
| ≥80 | 246 (0.9) | 40 (0.3) | 83 (1.0) | 79 (2.6) | 45 (4.5) | |
| Female sex | 15 031 (55.0) | 8625 (57.2) | 4378 (53.4) | 1545 (51.1) | 483 (48.5) | .002d |
| Non-White race/ethnicitye | 4720 (21.0) | 2364 (19.2) | 1499 (22.0) | 645 (25.3) | 212 (25.8) | .003d |
| Neurological complications | ||||||
| Postoperative cerebrovascular infarction or hemorrhage | 368 (1.3) | 46 (0.3) | 144 (1.8) | 88 (2.9) | 90 (9.0) | <.001d |
| Nerve paralysis | ||||||
| Abducens | 341 (1.2) | 193 (1.3) | 94 (1.1) | 37 (1.3) | 15 (1.5) | .96 |
| Trochlear | 30 (0.1) | 16 (0.1) | 0 | NR | NR | .08 |
| Facial nerve disorder | 3725 (13.6) | 2023 (13.4) | 1174 (14.3) | 391 (12.9) | 138 (13.8) | .81 |
| Vocal cord paralysis | 334 (1.2) | 164 (1.1) | 120 (1.5) | 50 (1.7) | 0 | .23 |
| Dysphagia | 1150 (4.2) | 390 (2.6) | 433 (5.3) | 203 (6.7) | 124 (12.4) | <.001d |
| Tinnitus | 1974 (7.2) | 1129 (7.5) | 609 (7.4) | 191 (6.3) | 44 (4.4) | .31 |
| Hearing loss | 10 189 (37.3) | 5265 (34.9) | 3256 (39.7) | 1302 (43.1) | 366 (36.7) | <.001d |
| Acute hydrocephalus | 1484 (5.4) | 545 (3.6) | 519 (6.3) | 266 (8.8) | 153 (15.4) | <.001d |
| Cerebral edema | 1555 (5.7) | 562 (3.7) | 579 (7.1) | 211 (7.0) | 203 (20.4) | <.001d |
| Meningitis | 167 (0.6) | 45 (0.3) | 89 (1.1) | NR | NR | .01d |
| External ventricular drain or ventriculoperitoneal shunt | 505 (1.8) | 170 (1.1) | 180 (2.2) | 95 (3.1) | 60 (6.0) | <.001d |
| Cerebrospinal fluid leak (rhinorrhea or otorrhea) | 580 (2.1) | 349 (2.3) | 167 (2.0) | NR | NR | .35 |
| Medical complications | ||||||
| Pneumonia | 285 (1.0) | 0 | 118 (1.4) | 92 (3.0) | 75 (7.6) | <.001d |
| Urinary tract infection | 558 (2.0) | 181 (1.2) | 235 (2.9) | 79 (2.6) | 64 (6.4) | <.001d |
| Deep venous thrombosis/pulmonary embolism | 236 (0.9) | 83 (0.6) | 84 (1.0) | 45 (1.5) | 24 (2.5) | .01d |
| Acute myocardial infarction | 56 (0.2) | 25 (0.2) | 26 (0.3) | NR | NR | .61 |
| Sepsis | 49 (0.2) | 0 | 34 (0.4) | NR | NR | <.001d |
| Acute kidney injury | 99 (0.4) | NR | NR | 39 (1.3) | 15 (1.5) | <.001d |
| Mechanical ventilation | 668 (2.4) | 164 (1.1) | 225 (2.7) | 159 (5.3) | 119 (12.0) | <.001d |
| Discharge disposition | ||||||
| Routine discharge | 22 108 (80.9) | 13 208 (87.5) | 6355 (77.5) | 2017 (66.7) | 529 (53.1) | <.001d |
| In-hospital mortality | 75 (0.3) | NR | NR | 24 (0.8) | 15 (1.6) | <.001d |
| Extended hospital stay (>6 d, 75th percentile) | 4861 (17.8) | 2035 (13.5) | 1689 (20.6) | 777 (25.7) | 360 (36.1) | <.001d |
Abbreviations: mFI, modified frailty index; NA, not applicable; NR, not reported owing to small sample size.
a
Values presented as No. (%) for categorical data (compared by χ2 test) and mean (SEM) for continuous data (compared by t test).
b
Subcohorts are defined by score on the 11-point mFI as robust (mFI score = 0), prefrail (mFI score = 1), frail (mFI score = 2), and severely frail (mFI score ≥3).
c
Data from 2002 through 2017 comprise the study cohort, which is inclusive of limited data from the study years 2007 through 2010.
d
Statistical significance was evaluated at P < .05 for univariable comparison.
e
Discrepancies in percentages reflect missing data for race.