Table 1.
Patient Characteristics by acute kidney injury status
| Variables | No AKI (N = 706) | AKI stage 1 (N = 81) | AKI stage 2–3 (N = 28) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 65 [55–72] | 68 [63–74] | 65 [57–75] | 0.038 |
| Male (%) | 424 (60) | 60 (74) | 25 (89) | 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25 [23–29] | 26 [22–30] | 27 [25–35] | 0.1 |
| ASA score (1–2 / 3–4) | 430 / 276 | 50 / 31 | 16 / 12 | 0.9 |
| Preop Hb (g/dL) | 13.3 [12–14.5] | 13.4 [11.8–14.3] | 13.9 [12.5–14.7] | 0.7 |
| Preop creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.8 [0.7–1.0] | 1.0 [0.8–1.1] | 1.0 [0.8 1.2] | < 0.001 |
| Comorbidities; N (%) | ||||
| Ischemic heart disease | 60 (8.5%) | 3 (3.7%) | 9 (32%) | < 0.001 |
| Coronary arterial bypass graft | 28 (3.9%) | 3 (3.7%) | 3 (11%) | 0.2 |
| Hypertension | 319 (45%) | 52 (64%) | 20 (71%) | < 0.001 |
| Hyperlipidaemia | 194 (27%) | 28 (35%) | 7 (25%) | 0.4 0.2 |
| Stroke | 28 (3.9%) | 2 (2.5%) | 3 (11%) | 0.01 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 44 (6.2%) | 12 (15%) | 1 (3.6%) | 0.9 |
| Diabetes mellitus type 2 | 151 (21%) | 17 (21%) | 7 (25%) | 0.008 |
| COPD | 86 (12%) | 10 (12%) | 9 (32%) | 0.7 |
| Cirrhosis | 53 (7.5%) | 4 (4.9%) | 2 (7.1%) | |
| Medications; N (%) | ||||
| Aspirin | 236 (33%) | 32 (40%) | 8 (29%) | 0.5 |
| Clopidogrel | 32 (4.5%) | 1 (1.2%) | 3 (11%) | 0.1 |
| ẞ blocker | 166 (24%) | 28 (35%) | 13 (46%) | 0.003 |
| ACEI | 135 (19%) | 23 (28%) | 11 (39%) | 0.007 |
| ARB | 47 (6.7%) | 8 (9.9%) | 3 (11%) | 0.4 |
| Calcium channel blocker | 113 (16%) | 19 (23%) | 7 (25%) | 0.1 |
| Diuretics | 59 (8.4%) | 8 (9.9%) | 8 (29%) | 0.001 |
| Statin | 211 (30%) | 18 (22%) | 12 (43%) | 0.1 |
| Oral hypoglycaemic drugs | 111 (15.7%) | 10 (12%) | 4 (14%) | 0.7 |
| Insulin | 56 (7.9%) | 7 (8.6%) | 2 (7.1%) | 0.9 |
| Oral anticoagulation | 65 (9.2%) | 9 (11%) | 3 (11%) | 0.8 |
| Type of Surgery (N) | 0.02 | |||
| Pancreatectomy | 155 (22%) | 18 (22%) | 3 (11%) | |
| Hepatobiliary | 189 (27%) | 14 (17%) | 3 (11%) | |
| Oesophagectomy | 75 (11%) | 12 (15%) | 3 (11%) | |
| Cystectomy | 63 (8.9%) | 15 (19%) | 7 (25%) | |
| Cancer debulking | 32 (4.5%) | 2 (2.5%) | 2 (7.1%) | |
| Major aortic vascular surgery | 144 (20%) | 15 (19%) | 9 (32%) | |
| Other surgical procedure * | 48 (6.7%) | 5 (6.2%) | 1 (3.6%) | |
Values are presented as medians [interquartiles ranges] or numbers (percentages %)
Abbreviation: COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, AKI acute kidney injury, BMI body mass index, preop preoperative, ACEI Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ARB Angiotensin II receptor blocker, Hb haemoglobin, ASA American Society of Anesthesiologists
* included: gastrectomy, open colectomy nephrectomy, surrenalectomy, prostatectomy)