Table 1.
Studies on presence of antibiotics in surface water, drinking water, pharmaceutical effluent, and in the effluent of wastewater treatment plant
| Class of antibiotics | Type of antibiotic | Origin and concentration | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| β-Lactams | Lincomycin | Surface water 248.9 ng/L | (Calamari et al. 2003) |
| Amoxicillin | Raw water 1500ng/L | (Mahmood et al. 2019) | |
| Aminoglycosides | Gentamicin | Sewage plant export 1300 ng/L | (Loffler and Ternes 2003) |
| Macrolides | Erythromycin-H2O | Surface water 1700 ng/L | (Kolpin et al. 2002) |
| Azithromycin | Wastewater treatment plant effluent 1577.3 ng/L | (Rodriguez-Mozaz et al. 2020) | |
| Clarithromycin | Surface water 260 ng/L | (Hirsch et al. 1999) | |
| Wastewater treatment plant effluent 346.8 ng/L | (Rodriguez-Mozaz et al. 2020) | ||
| Roxithromycin | Surface water 560 ng/L | (Hirsch et al. 1999) | |
| Quinolones | Ciprofloxacin | Sewage plant export 260 ng/L | (Kostich et al. 2014) |
| Surface water 185 ng/L | (Bai et al. 2014) | ||
| Pharma Effluent 28 X 106–31 X 106 ng/l | (Larsson et al. 2007) | ||
| Wastewater treatment plant effluent 1435.5 ng/L | (Rodriguez-Mozaz et al. 2020) | ||
| Raw water 1270 ng/L | (Mahmood et al. 2019) | ||
| Norfloxacin | Surface water 208 ng/L | (Xu et al. 2007) | |
| Pond 152.31 ng/L | (Chen et al. 2018) | ||
| Pharma Effluent39 X 104–42 X 104 ng/L | (Larsson et al. 2007) | ||
| Ofloxacin | Surface water 89 ng/L | (Xu et al. 2007) | |
| Sewage plant export 210 ng/L | (Guerra et al. 2014) | ||
| Pond 15.98 ng/L | (Chen et al. 2018) | ||
| Pharma Effluent15 X 104–16 X 104 ng/L | (Larsson et al. 2007) | ||
| Wastewater treatment plant effluent 613 ng/L | (Rodriguez-Mozaz et al. 2020) | ||
| Enrofloxacin | Livestock farm export 680 ng/L | (Andrieu et al. 2015) | |
| Underground water 3 ng/L | (Tong et al. 2009) | ||
| Levofloxacin | Raw water 414 ng/L | (Mahmood et al. 2019) | |
| Sulfonamides | Sulfamethoxazole | Surface water 1900 ng/L | (Kolpin et al. 2002) |
| Underground water 470 ng/L | (Hirsch et al. 1999) | ||
| Wastewater treatment plant effluent 220.9 ng/L | (Rodriguez-Mozaz et al. 2020) | ||
| Sulfamethizole | Surface water 130 ng/L | (Kolpin et al. 2002) | |
| Sulfamethazine | Surface water 4660 ng/L | (Wei et al. 2011) | |
| Underground water 160 ng/L | (Hirsch et al. 1999) | ||
| Sulfadoxine | Surface water 460 ng/L | (Wei et al. 2011) | |
| Sulfamonomethoxine | Pond 21.92 ng/L | (Chen et al. 2018) | |
| Sulfaphenazole | Pond 147.95 ng/L | (Chen et al. 2018) | |
| Sulfapyridine | Wastewater treatment plant effluent 583.6 ng/L | (Rodriguez-Mozaz et al. 2020) | |
| Tetracyclines | Tetracycline | Underground water 3.8 ng/L | (Tong et al. 2009) |
| Oxytetracycline | Surface water 340 ng/L | (Kolpin et al. 2002) | |
| Chlortetracycline | Surface water 690 ng/L | (Kolpin et al. 2002) |