. 2021 Apr 30;108:107449. doi: 10.1016/j.asoc.2021.107449

Table 5.

Comparison between algorithms.

Algorithm	Best objective function	$d_{1}^{+}$	$d_{1}^{-}$	$d_{2}^{+}$	$d_{2}^{-}$	$d_{3}^{+}$	$d_{3}^{-}$	$d_{4}^{+}$	$d_{4}^{-}$
GWO	858742	0.578	0.504	0.602	0.521	0.538	0.588	0.592	0.578
GOA	946511	0.611	0.568	0.506	0.592	0.503	0.527	0.573	0.611
WOA	949964	0.539	0.547	0.503	0.543	0.581	0.541	0.616	0.539
COA	725864	0.514	0.546	0.505	0.538	0.550	0.561	0.619	0.514
HSSAGA	561020	0.586	0.548	0.597	0.622	0.601	0.533	0.592	0.586