Table 3.
Associations between the presence of caries experience and sociodemographic background, oral and mental health risk indicators in adolescents in Ile-Ife, Nigeria [N = 1234]
| Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age |
1.23 (1.09, 1.38)* |
– | – | – |
1.15 (1.02, 1.30)* |
| Sex at birth | |||||
| Male |
1.16 (0.65, 2.08) |
– | – | – |
1.11 (0.61, 2.03) |
| Female | 1.00 | – | – | – | 1.00 |
| Socioeconomic status | |||||
| High |
0.52 (0.25, 1.07) |
– | – | – |
0.51 (0.24, 1.07) |
| Middle |
0.75 (0.38, 1.46) |
– | – | – |
0.69 (0.35, 1.37) |
| Low | 1.00 | – | – | – | 1.00 |
| Frequent consumption of refined carbohydrates in-between-meals | |||||
| Yes | – |
0.91 (0.50, 1.65) |
– | – |
0.94 (0.50, 1.76) |
| No | – | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 |
| Plaque Index score |
0.82 (0.48, 1.39) |
– |
0.78 (0.45, 1.34) |
||
| Dental anxiety | |||||
| Normal | – | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 |
| Moderate | – |
0.67 (0.35, 1.28) |
– | – |
0.66 (0.34, 1.27) |
| High | – |
0.41 (0.14, 1.22) |
– | – |
0.40 (0.13, 1.21) |
| Severe | – |
0.39 (0.16, 0.94)* |
– | – |
0.43 (0.18, 1.06) |
| Intake of alcohol | |||||
| Yes | – | – |
0.88 (0.38, 2.06) |
– | – |
| No | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
| Use of psychoactive substances | |||||
| Yes | – | – |
3.70 (1.49, 9.15)* |
– |
2.67 (1.14, 6.26)* |
| No | – | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 |
| Cigarette smoking | |||||
| Yes | – | – |
1.11 (0.22, 5.59) |
– |
0.99 (0.20, 4.99) |
| No | – | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 |
| Risk for mental health problems | |||||
| Low | – | – | – | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| High | – | – | – |
1.90 (1.04, 3.45)* |
1.84 (0.97, 3.49) |
| Nagelkerke’s R2 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.07 |
| − 2LL | 422.38 | 425.58 | 420.94 | 432.23 | 400.34 |
*Statistically significant at p< 0.05; AOR: adjusted odds ratio; CI: confidence interval
Model 1: sociodemographic factors; Model 2: oral health indicators; Model 3: mental health indicators; Model 4: risk of mental health problems; Model 5: all factors included in models 1–4
Intake of alcohol was not included in Model 5 because of collinearity with use of psychoactive substances