Table 4.

Associations between the presence of moderate to severe gingivitis and sociodemographic background, oral and mental health risk indicators in adolescents in Ile-Ife, Nigeria [N = 1234]

Variables	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 5
Age	1.03 (0.96, 1.11)	–	–	–	1.03 (0.94, 1.14)
Sex at birth
Male	1.20 (0.82, 1.75)	–	–	–	1.09 (0.68, 1.75)
Female	1.00	–	–	–	1.00
Socio-economic status
High	0.87 (0.55, 1.37)	–	–	–	0.96 (0.53, 1.74)
Middle	0.79 (0.50, 1.25)	–	–	–	0.95 (0.54, 1.67)
Low	1.00	–	–	–	1.00
Frequent consumption of refined carbohydrates between meals
Yes	–	0.42 (0.27, 0.65)*	–	–	0.41 (0.25, 0.66)*
No	–	1.00	–	–	1.00
Plaque Index score		13.23 (8.70, 20.14)*	–	–	13.50 (8.66, 21.04)*
Dental anxiety
Normal		1.00	–	–	1.00
Moderate	–	0.79 (0.48, 1.32)	–	–	0.91 (0.54, 1.55)
High	–	0.65 (0.30, 1.39)	–	–	0.70 (0.331, 1.58)
Severe	–	0.53 (0.28, 1.01)	–	–	0.48 (0.23, 0.99)*
Intake of alcohol
Yes	–	–	1.25 (0.70, 2.22)	–	–
No	–	–	1.00	–	–
Use of psychoactive substances
Yes	–	–	1.31 (0.58, 2.97)	–	–
No	–	–	1.00	–	–
Cigarette smoking
Yes	–	–	0.90 (0.19, 4.30)	–	0.69 (0.11, 4.21)
No	–	–	1.00	–	1.00
Risk for mental health problems
Low	–	–	–	1.00	1.00
High	–	–	–	1.09 (0.71, 1.69)	0.80 (0.45, 1.44)
Nagelkerke’s R2	0.004	0.34	0.003	< 0.0001	0.34
− 2LL	852.47	587.60	745.31	854.90	530.97

Model 1: sociodemographic factors; Model 2: oral health indicators; Model 3: mental health indicators; Model 4: risk of mental health problems; Model 5: all factors included in models 1–4

Intake of alcohol and use of psychoactive substances were not included in Model 5 because of collinearity with cigarette smoking

^*Statistically significant at p< 0.05; AOR: adjusted odds ratio; CI: confidence interval